Euro Disney: First 100 Days

The biggest factor that attributed to Euro Disney’s failure is perhaps its ambition of trying to cater to many different nationalities and handling a large European population without identifying the target market and further understand its entertainment preferences. In general, Disney should think through the resources needed to fulfill its targeted market, more importantly it should determines what are the key components that contributed to Disney’s success, and whether or not these components are transferable across cultural boundaries. The lack of understanding cultural differences has prevented Disney to exercise its core competency of delivering high quality services to its guests. While certain Disney’s characteristics are easily transferable to Euro Disney, such as building fascinating rides and attractions, creating different themes and fantasies land, selecting a central location that are easily accessible for tourist, and providing a complete vacation packages by building beautiful resorts around theme park. The heart of Disney’s key success, however, lies within its entertainment experience and cast member’s interactions with the guests. First of all, Euro Disney does not has the resources to deliver the same quality of customers service as seen in the US and Japan, Europeans workers has different work ethics, and they do not naturally adores the American culture and therefore are not enthusiastic about having the Disney spirit to grow inside them. Secondly, Europeans are accustom to intellectual entertainment, and fine dining experiences; which are not what Disney is about. Thirdly, because Euro Disney’s attempt to cater to too many nationality, it has not properly defined its targeted market, therefore unable to customize a system that works for majority of the guests. In order for Euro Disney to be successful, Disney need to figure out who the target customers are, and how can they attract repeated guests or draws new visitors. From there, they can adapt to the culture, and make compromises to satisfy its customers that meets Disney’s standard.

Kite Runner Essay

Khaheld Hosseine, in his novel The Kite Runner, suggests that the causes of the vicious cycle of lies are trying to forget the past and push the guilt away and leads to guilt, problems, and the relationship between Amir and Hassan; only when Amir tells the truth, humbles himself, and changes his hierarchy/status quo and only then can the vicious cycle of lies be broken. Amir has said many lies to Baba and some of them were about Hassan steeling his things and blaming that Hassan took them to get Hassan in trouble and by doing this it adds to Amir’s guilt and makes Hassan and Amir more separated. One of the main reasons Amir was so guilty was the scene in Kite Runner when Hassan was getting bullied and eventually raped by Assef. While this was happening Amir was watching and did not know what to do because he was so scared and â€Å"in the end I ran† (77) and for not defending Hassan Amir was a coward. If Amir would have gotten help from Baba or Ali, or just become brave and put a stop to the madness all of this would not happen. Kite Runner would have not been the book it is today without Hassan’s rape, this caused Amir to have guilt and all the other terrible things happen to him later in the book. A great surprise in the book were that Amir and Hassan were half brothers and had the same father and that Baba was keeping this secret from them all of these years and leading to Amir finding out and getting angry why Baba did not tell this to him, and Rahim Khan explained that no one but himself, Baba, Ali, and Sanaubar had known about the matter in order to preserve their honor. Hassan never found out. Amir was furious at all of them for keeping the secret. He screamed at Rahim Khan and left the apartment. Amir thinks that if he knew Hassan was his brother he would have treated him better and probably would have not died and they would not have been separated in the first place. All of these thoughts in Amirs mind were making Amir have so much guilt and by breaking theses cycles he would have to tell someone. At the end of the book the general asks why Amir brought a Hazara boy to America and Amir replys â€Å"†You will never again refer to him as ‘Hazara boy’ in my presence. He has a name and its Sohrab† (25). Amir breaks a cycle of lies by defending a Hazara in front of the general. To finish it all of Amir and Sorab are flying the kite and Amir was the kite runner. The think significant about Amir being the kite runner was that only Hazars are kite runners and Amir asks if he should run Sorabs kite for him, Amir thinks he sees a nod and then says â€Å"For you, a thousand times over† (25) and Amir put himself to that level like Hassan and finally broke the vicious cycle of lies and truths. .

Relationship between SAT Scores and Family Income Essay

What is the Relationship between SAT Scores and Family Income of the Test Takers around the World? Introduction The SAT examination is mostly in today’s world of academics, a requirement of getting accepted into collage. Not only is it enough to take the examination but the student has to pass with an average score or above to even have his/her application be considered. Many students around the world recognize this and therefore apply to prep schools for the SAT or their parents send them to a higher educational institution for that purpose. The prep schools such as Princeton are not cheap however as it helps give advice on how to best tackle the SAT examination, neither are higher educational institutions. Also it can be considered a luxury service by some middle class and low class societies in the world to be able to attend either one. This being said, the SAT prep course and higher educational institutions are, as a result, aimed at the high class societies in the world or those who can afford it. If this is true, it would put families with a higher income at an advantage for their children to get accepted into collage compared to families who cannot afford for their children to take the course or school fee and learn the advice of how to pass the SAT examination with a high score. Are the collages which students aim to be accepted into for a better education really based on which families can afford for their children to take the SAT prep course or learn at a higher educational institution? The data collected from Collage Board in year 2007 was analyzed to determine whether there is a relationship between SAT scores and family income of the test takers around the world (Rampell). Statement of Task The main purpose of this investigation is to determine whether there is a relationship between SAT scores and family income of the test takers around the world. The type of data that will be collected is the SAT scores and family income of the two-thirds of test takers who voluntarily reported it to collage board when signing up for the SAT examination worldwide. The SAT scores are used to determine how high of a score the test taker got and family income to determine the possibility to send their children to SAT prep schools or better educational institutions. The data used to generate the data breaks down the average score for ten different income groups of $20,000 range. Plan of investigation I am investigating the relationship of SAT scores and family income of the test takers around the world. I have collected data on SAT scores and family income of the test takers around the world. With the collection of data that I have acquired, a number of mathematical processes were used to analyze the data: a scatter plot of the data, calculation of the least squares regression line and correlation coefficient. I am going to do a χ2 test on the data to show the dependence of SAT scores and family income of the test takers around the world. Mathematical Investigation Collected Data Family income of test takers| Percentage of test takers within each family income group| Critical reading| Math| Writing| ∑| Less than $10,000| 4%| 427| 451| 423| 1301| $10,000–$20,000| 8%| 453| 472| 446| 1371| $20,000–$30,000| 6%| 454| 465| 444| 1363| $30,000–$40,000| 9%| 476| 485| 466| 1427| $40,000–$50,000| 8%| 489| 496| 477| 1462| $50,000–$60,000| 8%| 497| 504| 486| 1487| $60,000–$70,000| 8%| 504| 511| 493| 1508| $70,000–$80,000| 9%| 508| 516| 498| 1522| $80,000–$100,000| 14%| 520| 529| 510| 1559| Table 1: Mean SAT scores per section categorized in family income of test taker in 2007 More than $100,000| 26%| 544| 556| 537| 1637| This bottom row, the â€Å"More than $100,000† I am going to consider as an outlier therefore excluded in all calculations as it goes from $100,000 up to the millions of dollar of income which is too wide of a range to include into the calculations of this assessment. Graph 1 shows the average SAT score Vs. family income of test taker. As of now, there seems to be very strong positive correlation. It does appear that the SAT scores improve as the family income increases. (Graph was generated through Microsoft Excel) Calculation of the Least Squares Regression The Least Square regression identifies the relationship between the independent variable, x, and the dependent variable, y. It is given by the following formula: y-y= SxySx2 (x-x) where Sxy= xyn- xy and Sx2=x2n-x2 Table 2: Values of Least Squares Regression x| y| xy| x2| 15000| 1301| 19515000| 225000000| 25000| 1371| 34275000| 625000000| 35000| 1363| 47705000| 1225000000| 45000| 1427| 64215000| 2025000000| 55000| 1462| 80410000| 3025000000| 65000| 1487| 96655000| 4225000000| 75000| 1508| 113100000| 5625000000| 85000| 1522| 129370000| 7225000000| 95000| 1559| 148105000| 9025000000| ∑ = 495000| ∑ = 13000| ∑ = 733350000| ∑ = 33225000000| x = 55000| y = 1444.44| xy = 79444444.44| x2 = 3691666667| These are the calculated values used in finding the Least Squares Regression Sxy= xyn- xy Sxy= 7333500009- 79444444.44 Sxy= 2038888.893 Sx=x2n-x2 Sx=332250000009-3025000000 Sx=25819.88897 y-y= SxySx2 (x-x) y-1444.44444= 2038888.893(25819.88897)2 (x-55000) y= 0.0030583333x+1276.231666 Calculation of Pearson’s Correlation Coefficient Pearson’s Correlation Coefficient indicates the strength of the relationship between the two variables (SAT scores and family income of test taker). It is given by the following formula: r= SxySxSy where Sx= x-x2n, Sy = y-y2n and Sxy is the covariance xyn- xy. Table 3: Values of Pearson’s Correlation Coefficient x| y| x-x2| y-y2| 15000| 1301| 1600000000| 20576.30864| 25000| 1371| 900000000| 5394.08642| 35000| 1363| 400000000| 6633.197531| 45000| 1427| 100000000| 304.308642| 55000| 1462| 0| 308.1975309| 65000| 1487| 100000000| 1810.975309| 75000| 1508| 400000000| 4039.308642| 85000| 1522| 900000000| 6014.864198| 95000| 1559| 1600000000| 13122.97531| ∑ = 495000| ∑ = 13000| ∑ = 6000000000| ∑ = 58204.22222| x = 55000| y = 1444.44| | | These are the calculated values used in finding the Correlation Coefficient. Sx= 25819.88897 Sy = 58204.222229 Sy = 80.4185041 r= 2038888.893(25819.88897)(80.4185041) r=0.9819360378 r2=0.9642983824 The calculation r2=0.9642983824 suggests that the strength of the association of the data is very strong since 0.90 < r2 < 1. I compared this value of r2 with the standard table of coefficient of determinations which places it in the â€Å"very strong† category (Whiffen). r2=0.9642983824 y= 0.0030583333x+1276.231666 Graph 2 indicates that there is a strong positive linear correlation. This is also indicated through the value of correlation coefficient, 0.96.(the graph was generated through Microsoft Excel ) Calculation of a χ2 test The χ2 test is used to measure whether two classifications or factors from the same sample are independent of each other – if the occurrence of one of them does not affect the occurrence of the other. χ2= fo-fe2fe Observed Values: | B1| B2| Total| A1| A| B| A+B| A2| C| D| C+D| Total| A+C| B+D| N| Calculations of Expected Values: | B1| B2| Total| A1| A+B(A+C)N| A+B(B+D)N| A+B| A2| A+C(C+D)N| B+D(C+D)N| C+D| Total| A+C| B+D| N| Degrees of freedom measure the number of values in the final calculation that are free to vary: Df=rows-1(columns-1) Null (H0) Hypothesis: SAT scores and family income are independent from each other. Alternative (H1) Hypothesis: SAT scores and family income are dependent from each other. Table 4: Observation Values Score| Income($)| 1300-1430| 1431-1561| Total| 15000 – 55000| 4| 1| 5| 56000 – 96000| -| 4| 4| Total| 4| 5| 9| Table 2 shows the observed values for SAT score Vs. family income. The data pieces have been put into ranges that represent the income of the families of the test takers. Table 5: Calculations for the Expected Values Score| Income($)| 1300-1430| 1300-1430| Total| 15000 – 55000| 4+1(4+0)9| 4+1(1+4)9| 4+1| 56000 – 96000| 4+0(0+4)9| 1+4(0+4)9| 0+4| Total| 4+0| 1+4| 9| Table 3 shows the individual calculations for each of the expected values. Table 6: Expected Values Score| Income($)| 1300-1430| 1300-1430| Total| 15000 – 55000| 2.22222| 2.77777| 5| 56000 – 96000| 1.77777| 2.22222| 4| Total| 4| 5| 9| Table 6 shows the expected values retrieved by the calculations in table 4 χ2= fo-fe2fe χ2= 4-2.2222222.22222+1-2.7777722.77777+0-1.7777721.77777+4-2.2222222.22222 χ2=5.759995408 Df=rows-1(columns-1) Df=2-1(2-1) Df=1 The χ2 critical value at 5% significance with 1 degree of freedom is 3.841. As the χ2 value is greater than the critical value, 5.760>3.841, the null hypothesis is rejected and SAT score is assumed dependent from family income. Discussion/Validity Limitations Throughout the investigation between the correlation of SAT scores and family income, various limitations may have affected the outcome of the results. One limitation of the data collected could be that it only reflects on the people who filled in the family income section before signing up for the SAT. There is no evidence that the data reflects everyone who has taken the SAT score as there may be people who did not fill that section. Another limitation could be that not everyone in the world decide to take the SAT, people who cannot afford it or take alternative tests are being neglected. Also the data does not confirm of how many SAT takers are being considered. The data can be proved insufficient and inaccurate for those reasons. There is also a limitation in the data as it states income of â€Å"$100,000 and above†. That could mean that the data goes on unto family incomes of millions which is not proportionate to the other ranges of family income given. Due to this however, that piece of data was left out in the calculations. Continuing, there might be a limitation to the recording of the data itself as SAT takers are to take a survey where they mention family income when signing up for SAT. This might cause a problem as many SAT takers, mostly in ages 15-17, do not know the actual income of their family therefore wrong data may be entered. Then there could be a limitation to the data due to culture and race. The data does not mention culture and race which might affect the data as there might have been more American surveys who mentioned family income compared to Asian who answered the survey. Another limitation is that the table of expected values in the χ2 test has all values less than 5 which reduces its validity.   Adding on to that, there might be a limitation to the amount of data that was collected as 9 pieces of data may not prove to be sufficient enough to reflect the correlation between SAT scores and family income in a world perspective. Lastly, there may be many other factors taking place when considering the correlation between SAT scores and family income such as reasons for having a high family income and IQ of SAT test takers. Conclusion Despite of the previously mentioned limitations, the found χ2 value, 5.760, rejects the null hypothesis that SAT scores are independent from family income and accepts the alternative hypothesis that SAT scores are dependent from family income. Furthermore, the investigation clearly shows that there is a strong and positive correlation between SAT score and family income as it can be an assumed dependence from each other. Work Cited Rampell, Catherine. â€Å"SAT Scores and Family Income – NYTimes.com.† The Economy and the Economics of Everyday Life – Economix Blog – NYTimes.com. 28 Aug. 2009. Web. 01 Nov. 2010.. Downey, Joel. â€Å"SAT Scores Rise with Family Income.† Cleveland OH Local News, Breaking News, Sports & Weather – Cleveland.com. 10 Apr. 2008. Web. 01 Nov. 2010.. Whiffen, Glen, John Owen, Robert Haese, Sandra Haese, and Mark Bruce. â€Å"Two Variable Statistics.† Mathematics for the International Student: Mathematical Studies SL. By Mal Coad. [S.l.]: Haese And Harris Pub, 2010. 581-82. Print.

Comparison essay on rock vs rap Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Comparison on rock vs rap - Essay Example Thus the hybrid forms arrived; later rock 'n' roll incorporated Country and Western, Swing, Classical, Big Band, Folk, and even Tin Pan Alley musical elements. By the 1940s, the term was used as a double entendre, referring to dancing, but with the hidden subtextual meaning of sex (it's Roy Brown's 'Good Rocking Tonight'), that was usually related to 'race music' and was rarely heard by white audiences. [Townsend, 2001] Rock appeared at a time when racial tensions in the United States came to their surface, as a combination of elements of white and black music. On March 21, 1952 in Cleveland, Alan Freed (Moondog) organized the first rock and roll concert, titled 'The Moondog Coronation Ball'. By the end of the decade it had spread throughout the world. The 'Fabulous Fifties' were the Happy Days of rock. In the late 1970s new forms of music, particularly punk rock and rap and hip-hop (in the late 1980s) emerged to fill the shocking and offending role of music in society. The influence of rap started in the Jamaica, then New York City, eventually getting to the west coast. [Hagar, 1984] Rap music, rooted in the tradition of Afro-American storytelling, it the early 1980's was popular among black people, and less acceptable among whites. Rap and hip-hop is a culture, a way of life for a society of people who identify, love and cherish rap music, break dancing, DJing and graffiti. It started with Jamaican born DJ Kool Herc who moved to New York in the late 1960's and brought the Jamaican tradition of 'toasting' which involved improvised rhymes over instrumental sections of reggae records. This trend became popular at discos, where the presence of MC was obligatory. Grand Wizard Theodore was the first DJ to scratch. Gangsta rap as the most controversial style of the rap music genre, originated in New York in the late 1970s. In the early 1980s go go, emerged as a reaction against disco, mixed with hip hop, and it developed in a more complex form. In the 90s it became mainstream, beginning with the release of Dr.Dre's 'The Chronic' (1992). From 1997 with Bad Boy Records it began to be merged with teen pop, when Eminem, Jay-Z and Nelly became very popular. [Nelson, 2000] 2. Music Lyrics Rock as a from of music usually features vocals (often with vocal harmony), electric guitars and strong back beat. Other instruments, such as the saxophone, are very common in its some styles. Early rock and roll combined elements of blues, boogie woogie, jazz, rhythm and blues, and was influenced by traditional Appalachian folk music, gospel and country and western. Bill Haley and His Comets' 'Rock Around the Clock', released in 1954, became a smash, the best selling record of the entire year across America and then in England; Bo Diddley's album, released early 1955, 'perked up the ears of many young listeners'. The Platters' 'Only You', released mid-1955, was totally preferred by teenagers in the fifties; Chuck Berry's 'Maybellene', recorded May 1955, indicated how 'rapidly things were changing'; Little Richard's 'Tutti Frutti', recorded September 1955, 'still hold its own against the hardest hitting rock of any era'; Carl Perkins' 'Blue Suede Shoes' (Dec 1955), and Elvis Presley' s 'Heartbreak Hotel' created the real rock 'n' roll revolution. [Townsend, 2001] Sixties are know by Dylan's records

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Mini case study - Assignment Example In order to be able to pinpoint the exact location of the effusion the stethoscope needs to be pressed on the lower, right middle, left middle and upper regions of the chests to understand which lobe of the lung is affected. Therefore the examiner needs to be familiar with the surface projections and use them for comparison between the different locations of the lungs especially for symmetrical positions. In absence of any fluid the bronchial sounds are loud while in presence of fluid these sounds have a lower intensity. Since the patient is supposed to have an effusion in the right lower lobe therefore while examining her, examination needs to be done on the upper posterior side and listening for a sounds for one entire breathing cycle. In the presence of effusion in the lower right lobe I can expect to hear both discontinuous and continuous creaking or grating sounds produced by mild rubbing of inflamed surfaces and will be heard during both inspiration and expiration (Tuteur, 1990). Asking the patient to cough will not alter the state of the sound sin any way and hence one may say that the pleural surfaces have fluid accumulation. Compared to this area other areas will have normal sounds The patient is diagnosed with bipolar disorder. However for most people as in the case of the patient’s family, most people are unaware about the difference between bipolar disorder and major depression and hence need to be educated for better diseases and symptom management. The most important part of the education plan is to make the family understand the basic difference between depression and bipolar disorder. Major depression refers to the condition in which the patient is always in a depressed state and does not enjoy anything and often ahs suicidal tendency. However, bipolar disorder also known as manic-depressive illness has two phases-the manic phase and the depressive phase. In bipolar frequent mood

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Baseball - Essay Example The team switches their roles as soon as three members of the defense gets three hitters out in any of the several ways. An innings refers to the turn on offense for each team. The team scoring most of the runs at the end wins the game. The professional Major League Baseball teams of North America are categorized into National League and American League each of which is comprised of three subdivisions – East, West and Central. The champion is decided by the playoffs comprising of four teams. There are three regular season division winners and one wild card team, which is the one with best record out of the league’s non-division winners. The younger players get a chance to develop their skills through experience against opponents on the field with similar levels of expertise. The pitchers played a strong role in the game during the 1960s and early 1970s. Players have attempted strikes but came back when their jobs faced some threats. The baseball at the college and professional level is played in nine innings where every team may get a turn to bat and attempt to score runs. The other team pitches and defends in the field. Baseball at the highschool level is played in seven innings while a six innings game is played in the field. Each inning is divided into two halves where one team (away team) bats in the first half and the home team bats in the second half. The defense in the game always possess the ball and this also distinguishes baseball from other sports. Whenever the defending team gets three players out from the batting team, the teams undergo switching. Pitching is an integral part of the game of baseball. Pitching should be effective and it mainly helps the defensive team to prevent the scores of the runners from getting a base. A proper full game would ensure above one hundred pitches from each team but a pitcher tends to become tired before

Creativity and Innovation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

Creativity and Innovation - Essay Example It results from lack of an income and the various gender biases that represent themselves in the society. The high incidence of poverty among women is attributed to the lone motherhoods evident in most countries of the globe. These women in poverty have little or no access to quality health care services and resources. Several factors affect this condition of feminization of poverty. These factors place women at the highest risks of poverty in the world. Despite the fact that low income is the main trigger of this condition, there are many interrelated factors of this condition (Costa 2008). Lone or single mothers are at the highest risk since their single income is insufficient to rear children. As a result, the3 possibility of the children to have a good education and better nourishment is reduced significantly. Low income results from the bias in most places to women as they try to search for formal employment. This cycle goes on and on deepening poverty among the women. Due to the increased number of unmarried women, it is important to examine their diverse causes of poverty. Moreover, poverty is often multi-dimensional thus economic, socio-cultural factors and demographic factors correlate to establish poverty. It is one phenomenon with various roots and manifestations. Lack of income is the primary reason why there are prevalent cases of poverty among women. Lack of a source of income leads such women to lack the basic needs (Chant 2006). It prevents them from attaining resources and converting their monetary resources into various levels of functioning. Women who have access to a higher income are able to access capabilities, which may significantly increase their income. Due to women earning less than men in some cases do, they lack access to basic education levels and quality education thus reducing their chances of earning a higher income. Deprivation of higher income passes on from one women generation

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Critical issue in globe health - Assignment Example Global health is a critically important issue, but many people are still unable to fully comprehend the ginormous nature of this problem. More people are killed every year in the African countries than can be killed by wars or natural disasters. Stupart (2012) validates this idea offered by Nye that not much reasonable or useful foreign aid has been seen over recent years which could be considered powerful enough to address either poverty or global health. Many campaigns are identified in Stupart’s video to explain their usefulness and how they cannot eliminate poverty in countries like Somalia and Ethiopia. Duflo (2010) also suggests the same idea as offered by Nye in her ted talk that there is not much change made by foreign aid which is why poverty is still a gigantic issue. This aid has not done much to fight poverty. This is due to such development efforts made which hurt more than heal. These are the kind of development efforts which are highlighted by Stupart (2012) in his

Managing Across Organizational & Cultural Boundaries Essay

Managing Across Organizational & Cultural Boundaries - Essay Example One of the perspectives of power that Wal-Mart will use in dealing with the suppliers is the use of zero tolerance where all undesirable practices like subcontracting will be imposed to severe penalties without the company knowledge (Fishman, 2006). The penalties will start to be effective on March again all the companies that are not allowed to manufacture and supply clothes to Wal-Mart will be published on the website explaining that the company is not genuine. The second perspective is accountability and ownership of the supplier who must be certified to make sure that they are going to be accountable of what they are going to supply to Wal-Mart (Stern, 1969). The reason why Wal-Mart need accountability and ownership to a specific country is to ensure that compliance will be achieved making sure that third party agents are eliminated in the supply chain. Wal-Mart is open to any supplier who can supply clothing without subcontracting or use of third party agents who normally supply brands at expensive price as compared to those companies that are ordered to supply brands to Wal-Mart. Another perspective of power that Wal-Mart will consider is improved safety in the factories, for example, the suppliers from United States and Canada will have to meet so that the new policy change of improved safety can be deliberated upon (Buzzell, 1987). The local governments and suppliers will have to carry the safety precaution and measures need to boost factory safety. The reason is because employees in the factories are experiencing death that emanate from poor conditions from the factories and thus the reason as to why Wal-Mart is restricting the suppliers from subcontracting their orders. The expectation of Wal-Mart is that the known factory that have been given the orders will be the only one who will supply brands without involving third party agents who do not provide high quality clothing and within the stipulated time. One of the sources of power in Wal-Mart

Citibank,NA. Citigroup Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Citibank,NA. Citigroup - Essay Example The bank also offers various other services to individual consumers and small businesses enterprises, such as credit cards, deposit accounts and loans. This paper presents an analysis of the strengths, weaknesses, threats and opportunities of Citibank. It would be useful in gaining important insights into the current status of the company and its future performance. It would also help in identifying the potential customers and suppliers and understand the company’s business structure, its major products and the company’s operations (Ferrel and Hartline 124). Strengths Global strength Strong brand name Citibank is a subsidiary of the Citigroup, Inc. The company operates all over the world in 44 countries in four continents. Citibank has a strong brand name. Brand name of a company is considered as a precious asset. The brand name of the company captures various dimensions of the business. It encapsulates its mission, vision, corporate values and personality (â€Å"A str ong brand†). There are a number of benefits that a company enjoys form its brand name. Citibank exploits its corporate brand in order to improve its performance in the near future. Firstly, a strong brand name acts like the face of the business organization. High brand value portrays the short term aims of the corporation and reveals the position that the company targets to achieve in the international market. Corporate brand acts as an envelope or umbrella for the activities of the corporation. Citibank maintains a common company branding strategy all over the world, which helps the company to maintain a common expression (Roll, â€Å"Benefits of the Corporate Brand†). Good financial position The world has not yet recovered from the impacts of the 2008 financial crisis of the last decade and many financial institutions are facing the problem of instability. Due to robust financial infrastructure of the bank, Citibank has not been affected to a great extent during the f inancial crunch faced by the global market. The company enjoys a strong financial base, which is one of the major strongholds in the current period. Wide customer base The company operates all over the globe. It has its branches in the North American and Latin American countries, Asia, Europe, Middle East and the African countries. Due to such vast expanse of operations, Citibank enjoys a wide customer base. This reduces the risk factor for the organization. Infrastructure Retail banking operations in 44 countries Citibank makes strong retail banking operations in 44 countries in the world. It has a strong infrastructure that helps the company to operate successfully in the global platform. It helps the organization to serve the small scale businesses and the individual investors in these countries. It enables the company to reach a larger customer base and further strengthens its operations. Online services provides to millions of customers Citibank has a user friendly website that offers updated information regarding the products and services offered by the company. The website also allows customers to communicate with the bank with regard to their enquiries as well as accessing various services offered by the bank. The bank has different portals through which the customers

The Strengths and Limitations of the Universalist and the Contingency Essay

The Strengths and Limitations of the Universalist and the Contingency Approaches to HR Strategy - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that every organization has certain vision mission, vision, goals, and objectives. The vision and mission of the organization are attained with the help of the organization's goals or objectives. The vision and the mission statement the ultimate reason for the survival of the organization. Thus the objectives and goal which are decided after considering the mission and objective of the organization are utmost important. Goal attainment is very important for the survival and the growth of the organization. To attain the goals of the organization the management takes various types of strategies. These strategies are implemented at the various level of the organization. The managerial strategies ranges consist of various corporate-level strategies, business level strategies and the last but not the least the human resources strategies. Human resource is a very important and vital aspect of the organization. It is the human resources which ulti mately implement the entire plan into action and drive the organization to achieve the goals of the organization. Strategic human resource management is a vital part of organizational management. Management uses various manage the human resource efficiently and effectively. The different activities under human resource strategies are aimed at various actions at policies which can influence human resource management. The process of managing human resource includes the hiring of the efficient and quality candidates, designing jobs, job description, job allocation, other human resource policies etc. All theses process directly affects the overall performance of the organization. The two important approaches to human resource strategy are Universalist and Contingency approaches.

Modifications to the National School Lunch Program Essay Example for Free

Modifications to the National School Lunch Program Essay Introduction Recent modifications made to the National School Lunch Program menu have caused controversy all across the nation. In last year The National School Lunch program have been under scrutiny and major changes have been made to the ingredients and preparation of school lunches. The USDA reports that the all the modifications to the school lunches are focus towards improving the health of all school age children, contributing to the fight against childhood obesity and succinctly to improve the health of all children across the nation. This research would explore the history of the different federal agencies involve in the national nutritional services, the most comprehensive changes in the school nutritional environment , the old and new menus choices and how changes are impacting students (National School Lunch Program,[NSLP] 2012). Research Statement According to the Unites States Department of Agriculture Food and Nutrition Service the recent changes to the National School Lunch program have been an important aid in the fight against childhood obesity and to help change student eating habits towards a healthier approach. In the last 4 years the Senate of the United Stated has proposed different legislature changes to the National School Lunch menu allowing millions of dollars to contribute towards a healthier approach modifying what student age children are consuming during school hours. The most comprehensive changes have been oriented towards reducing fat, sugar and sodium, and including more vegetable as part of the daily school cafeteria menu (United States Department of Agriculture, [USDA] 2012). Initial Research Question How the recent changes to the national school lunch program can improve the student’s health? By analyzing the recent changes to the national school lunch program we will be able to compare some of the differences between some the new and improve school lunch menu and how these changes are impacting students across the nation. Review of literature The National School Lunch Act was a law established under the administration of President Harry Truman in 1946. The original purpose of the act was to help local farmers with surplus produce and using these foods to feed school age children. After reviewing the principles of the act, members of the senate requested the establishment of a national program that under the guidelines of the National School Lunch Act, would oversee all operations associated with school lunch meals, reason for the creation of the National School Lunch program. The National School lunch program manages one of the largest federally assisted meal programs that provides nutritionally balanced meals free or at low cost to school age children. The national school lunch program takes cash subsides and foods provided by the U.S Department of Agriculture, in return the national school lunch program must meet nutritional federal requirements and most important must offer meals free or at low cost to all student age children. According to reported statistics from the U.S Department of Agriculture the National School Lunch feeds over 30 million students each day (NSLP, 2012) There is no doubt that the student nutrition subject has been an important topic of national concern in the history of our country. In 1966, The Child Nutrition Act was a law signed by President Lyndon B Johnson, encouraged by a national concern over nutrition in school age children. The Child Nutrition Act became to be an instrument to facilitate the process of meeting nutritional needs of children under the guidelines of the National School Lunch Program. The act also helped established the school based breakfast program providing free breakfast for children in public and nonprofit schools, during the signing of this act president Johnson use a famous phrase that would change forever the futures of national school lunches â€Å"Good food is essential to good learning† (USDA, 2012) U.S Department of Agriculture is a federal funded division who is responsible to all operations in the nation pertaining to farming agriculture and food. Better known as the USDA the department not only promotes and helps farming and agriculture issues but ensures food safety across the nation. The USDA is one of the oldest federally department created by President Abraham Lincoln in 1862. The USDA oversees a vast amount of operative units in the united states including the USDA Food and Nutritional Services who major goal is to provide healthy food to families in need, the department also collaborate closely with the National School Lunch program providing foods that are of nutritional value (USDA, 2012) On December 13th, 2010 President Obama sign into a law the Healthy, Hunger –Free Act of 2010. This act was creating to combat the alarming rates of childhood obesity cases in the U.S. The now law came to update the school meals standards who reflected very little changes in nutrition in the last 15 years, the HHFK Act also had an impact on the USDA, changing the foods providing to the National School lunch program and succinctly reflecting changes in meal nutritional standards in schools across the nation. In the 2009 a review from the Institute of Medicine recommended several updates to the National School lunch menus, the review found that the school cafeteria menus were not meeting the dietary guidelines for school age children stated by the U.S Department of Agriculture Food and Nutrition Services (Healthy Hunger-Free Act, [HHFA] 2012) In 2011 the USDA proposed new regulations based on the finding of the Institute of Medicine of the United States. The process of modification of the school cafeteria menus begin slowly but steady on schools across the nation, the changes included whole grain servings on all meals; reduce saturated fat sugar and sodium, and more fresh fruit and vegetables. Elizabeth Ippel, executive director of The Academy of Global Citizenship in Chicago, talks about the important of nutrition’s â€Å"good nutrition is essential and a very integral component to effective learning†. The changes are significant and according to Mrs. Ippel the students are responding positive to the modifications (Leamy, 2012) Here’s an example of a before and after lunch menu: BeforeAfter Breaded beef patty on a white roll Baked Fish Nuggets Fruit popsicleWhole wheat roll Low fat milkMashed potatoes Broccoli Peaches Skim Milk Discussion On December 13, 2010 president Obama signed into law 111-296 the Healthy Hunger –Free Act of 2010. The act is one of the most comprehensive proposals in the school nutritional environment in over 15 years; the main goal of this law is to update school meals nutritional standards to help combat childhood obesity and help students achieve healthy eating habits. Beginning in July 2012 the new lunch meal pattern will be in effect changing what students will be consuming during lunch in the school year 2012-2013.The new proposed meal components includes key changes for children K and above, these changes requires that school lunches offer a daily variety of whole grains, fruit and vegetables. In the fruit category, each meal provided by school cafeterias must include  ½ cup of fresh, frozen or canned fruits, prepared or compound with water and not syrup.  ½ of vegetables on each meal is another requirement in the daily school lunch menus; the new regulations required a variety of vegetable groups including: dark green, red/orange, legumes, starchy and other vegetables. On the area of whole grains, breads and cereals are required on each meal as long as the food item includes more than 8 grams of grains. The act has also limit the amount of flavored milks opting for only low fat milk during meals. Calories are also under a scope view limiting the calorie ranges according to age groups. Trans-fat is banned completely from school cafeteria menus and the act has also a plan to limit sodium gradually over the next decade, to reach the goal of keeping sodium at a no more than 600 mg per meal, equal to a diet frozen meal (HHFKA, 2012). The changes in the cafeteria school menu are impacting students and teachers equally, besides of more nutritional value, the new menus now offered more quantity amounts of healthier foods, satisfying the hunger of millions of students and reflecting healthier attitudes in the classrooms. LuAnn Coenen from Appleton Central High School in Wisconsin cheers the new regulations in the cafeteria menus and states† Since the introductions of the new food program, I have noticed and enormous difference in the behavior of my students in the classroom,†Ã¢â‚¬ I can say without hesitation that it’s changed my job as principal†. It seems that less sugary foods and drinks are impacting student’s behavior. An associate professor of education at the Lehigh university conducted a study of over 2000 lunchrooms across the nations, the conclusions indicated that healthier and less sugary meals carries a calmer atmosphere in the classroom this calmer demeanor is reflects when students go back to the classrooms creating a trickling effect. Taylor a student from Appleton High commented about the changes she felt since the cafeteria menus changed â€Å"I’d say being able to concentrate better†. Susan Graham principal from Melrose Elementary in Tampa Florida confirms that her discipline referrals have decreased 50 % â€Å"We get a lot more done, I think it’s a lot more efficient work environment for all of us,† Grahams said (abcnews,2012). Berger (2005) wrote about the importance of a well balanced meal for the proper development of children’s brain development, and how school meal programs played an important rolled in children’s brain development, by providing a well balanced meal while in school children can achieve proper brain development a subsequently their ability to learn will be maximized (Berger, 2005). The changes happening in schools cafeterias might seem insignificant, but replacing extra-cheese pizza, deep fried chicken for whole wheat pizza and baked fish nuggets, represent a huge step towards making students healthy. Some modifications to the school lunch menu have happened slowly and some hidden from students, like replacing full fat cheese with a low fat mozzarella cheese in the pizzas, as well as using whole wheat bread on grill cheese sandwiches. Dr. Saira Jan a Rutgers University Professor (2006) comments on children obesity and diabetes rising numbers â€Å"Kids choose from what they are offered. They are hungry, they will eat. You can offer carrots or French fries. We have a big health-care problem. We can’t just talk about it† (Weekly Reader, 2006). Conclusion In conclusion the overall national concern over childhood obesity and the rising rate of diseases in children related to overweight issues is currently being addressed by different entities in charge of school nutrition. The National School lunch program has and will make modification on the students’ lunch menu to feed students healthier foods in the effort to fight childhood obesity. Even though there has been mixed opinions about the effectiveness of the lunch menu modifications, the HHFKA guidelines demonstrate how References About USDA. (2012). United States Department of Agriculture Food and Nutrition Service. Retrieved from http://www.usda.gov/wps/portal/usda/usdahome?navid=ABOUT_USDA Berger, Kathleen. (2005).The Developing Person Throughout the Lifespan. 6th ed.Worth. 140-142 Child Nutritional Act.(2012). United States Department of Agriculture Food and Nutrition Service. Retrieved from http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2012-01-26/pdf/2012-1010.pdf Food Fight! Should School Lunches be healthier? Current Events, a Weekly Reader publication,17 Feb.(2006) Retrieved from Healthy Hunger-Free Kids Act of 2010. (2012).United States Department of Agriculture Food and Nutrition Service. Retrieved from http://www.fns.usda.gov/cnd/governance/legislation/cnr_2010.htm Questions Answers on the Final Rule, â€Å"Nutrition Standards in the National School Lunch and School Breakfast Programs†(2012).United States Department of Agriculture Food and Nutrition Service. Retrieved from http://www.fns.usda.gov/cnd/Governance/Policy-Memos/2012/SP10-2012osr2.pdf Lazor, K., Chapman, N., Levine, E. (2010).No.80. Vol.4. 200-206 Soy Goes to School: Acceptance of Healthful, Vegetarian Options in Maryland Middle School Lunches. Journal Of School Health. Leamy, Elizabeth.(2011). Exclusive: USDA to Announce Healthier New School Lunch Guidelines. Retrieved from http://abcnews.go.com/Health/ConsumerNews/usda-announce-school-lunch-guidelines/story?id=12603193 Mary Bruce. (2010). Coming Soon? Healthier School Lunches. Retrieved from http://abcnews.go.com/Politics/healthier-school-lunches-senate-approves-45-billion-bill/story?id=11345256 Mcginn, D., Popescu, R. (2007).No 150. Vol.17. Unlucky Charms At Lunch. Newsweek. Retrieved from http://mediacast.usw.edu:8045/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CA169875850v=2.1u=nm _a_elinit=rp=ITOFsw=w National School Lunch Program.(2012).United States Department of Agriculture Food and Nutrition Service. Retrieved from http://www.fns.usda.gov/cnd/Lunch/ Nutrition Standards in the National School Lunch and School Breakfast Programs, No 17, Vol.77. (2012). United States Department of Agriculture Food and Nutrition Service. Retrieved from http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2012-01-26/pdf/2012-1010.pdf Students behave better with healthy lunches. (2012). Abc. go. Retrieved from http://abcnews.go.com/GMA/AmericanFamily/story?id=125404page=1

A Family for Christmas by Linda Finlay

A Family for Christmas by Linda Finlay Summary: As a matter of fact, the author of this story entitled A Family for Christmas is written by Linda Finlay. In addition, the events take place in London in different places such as Mole Valley Mine and Buckland Manor as well as Somerset and Barnstaple. Moreover, the main characters in the story are represented in: Eliza who is the main one and a young girl whose age is fifteen. She lives with her family consisted of two brothers, her father and pregnant mother while her two sisters live in a different place where they work. They are called Izzie and Hester. Another basic character is Fay who is a kind old woman that takes care of Eliza after escaping from her house. Duncan the Druid is also another character. He is very kind to Eliza and he treats her with tenderness as well as always taking care of her. Two more characters are Rose and Ben, a married couple who have a baby named Joshua. Then, there is Grandmother Evangalina who is Roses mother. She represents the stereotype of the gra nd motherhood as she comes to her daughters marital house to see her grandson and looks after him. Regarding the events of the story, it talks about the young poor Eliza who feels rejected at her own house. Her mother is pregnant and tired because of the house work and her two brothers while her father is upset because his job at the mine where he works is going to be finished as there is no more copper. One night, he argues with Elizas mother and says something that makes Eliza decide to run away from the house. He believes that his daughter is useless and ugly because of her twisted foot and she will not be able to get married. After leaving the house, Eliza goes to her sister Izzie. However, Izzie tells her that she does not have the ability to let Eliza stay with her because she needs the job and she will be kicked out. So, Eliza leaves her sister and keeps moving in the snowy cold weather till she faints. When she wakes up, she finds herself in a warm bed surrounded by an old w oman and a giant man. She knows that their names are Fay and Druncan. They help her to recover from the fever she had. Both of them also treat her in a very good way and they offer her food and clothes. However, Fays best pigeon pet named Wooden dies leaving her sad and lonely. Therefore, Duncan asks Eliza to go back and help their neighbors Ben and Rose with their little baby Joshua. So, she goes and helps them in preparing for the festive named Wassail at the twelfth night of the month. Eliza spends there a great time and also dances with Duncan. She likes him so much and she feels close to him. Eliza stays at Bens till the arrival of Roses mother Evangalina. Thats when she goes back to stay with Fay. There, she learns how to prepare perfumes and potions as well as medicines since she used to collect flowers before running out of the house. After that, Fay sends her to get well education and training about perfumery in Follytown with the assistance of Mr. Charles Farrant and Madam e Simmons. Aty the factory there, Eliza is responsible for polishing the floor in addition to keeping the equipment clean. Then she must read all the notes prepared by Mr. Farrant in order to learn more about theories so that she could be able to prepare perfumes. After receiving her training, Mr. Cary who is a father of James, Elizas friend and colleague at the factory, takes her to work in his shop. At the shop, she starts selling perfumes and dealing with different customers. One day while she was at the shop, she finds the two owners named Nan and Grandfa Sam talking to someone. When she looks at this familiar body, she figures out that he is her father. He comes to tell her that her mother and one of her siblings died, so he wants Eliza to take her younger brother Luke so that she could take care of him. At the end of the story, Eliza finds herself surrounded by people whom she loves and without whom she cannot imagine her life. On Christmas night, she has dinner with her broth er Luke, James with whom she falls in love, Grandfa Sam and Nan. She finally feels happy as she gets herself a new family who respect and adore her. She also feels that life is getting better and better in order to make up for her. Analysis: According to my point of view, the best part in the story is when Fay and Duncan the Druid gives Eliza presents because of her birthday. Fays present is amazing as she offers Eliza a painting. When Eliza looks at it, she finds a beautiful woman and when she asks Fay about such woman, Fay replies that she drew her. Eliza becomes very happy but she gets even happier when Duncan gives her the box she lost in snow after leaving her house. Such box is very close to Elizas heart because her grandfather made it for her and she keeps everything she likes in it. So, when Duncan finds it and shows it to her, she is excited and thrilled. She thanks him and kisses him on his cheek. She loves him so much because he is kind and pure-hearted towards her. He also protects her when an old man comes to Fays house to take her in order to work with him as a maid. Duncan stops him and tells him that Eliza is a guest and she cannot work. Therefore, it seems that he treats her like a lady; something that s he was not used to when she was living with her family. Another part of the story which I liked is when James gives Eliza the new pairs of shoe that make her walk well. When she puts them on, she feels very happy as she finally can be able to walk properly like any other person. James tells her that these shoes were the new business of his father as James explains to him Elizas medical condition. Therefore, Mr. Carl designs them and then James gives them back to Eliza. After seeing Eliza wearing them, James is so delighted and tells her that she now can be treated as a princess because she deserves that. Thats why she likes and loves James because he is handsome and very tender with her. He also treats her like she is something important to him and that she deserves such respect from people. As a result, they both become together at the end of the story while having Christmas dinner with Nan, Luke and Grandfa Sam. The worst part of the story is when Eliza decides to leave her sister and does not have any idea where to go. She is lost, lonely, cold and hungry. She walks a lot of miles in the snow and bad weather. She is weak and thin and she cannot find any shelter till she faints. This is very difficult and very hard for such young girl to go through as the cruel words said by her father forced her to prove to escape in order to prove to herself that she is not useless. Thats what she manages to show at the end after succeeding in the training of perfumery as well as working in the shop. Finally, Duncan the Druid and Fay find her and take her to the old womans house so that she can rest and receive recovery from the fever. At the house, she is well treated as Fay gives her broth and food to eat well in order to get better. Duncan also respects her and deals with her with appreciation and honesty. In addition, Fay tells her that she is a beautiful lady and that she must not believe what her fat her told her because he could get angry sometimes and then becomes calm. Thats why Eliza loves both of them so much. On the other side, I learned from the book a lot of things. One of these things is the new words used by the author as she succeeds in describing the events perfectly through using a lot of vocabularies. Some of these words are: druid, moore, grin, blush, distilled and others. From the ideas discussed in this story are methods of education done by parents. For example, we can compare between the education received by Eliza from her father and the one she received by Fay and Duncan or by Grandfa Sam and Nan or even Ben and Rose. While she is at her house, her father always treats her like nothing and hates her existence because he feels that she is useless and thats why she escapes to find a better life. On the other side, other characters give her food, medications and clothes in order to make her look better and walk better as well as not making her feel that she is a disabled or that she is dependent on others. By receiving this good treatment, Eliza starts to feel that finally lif e begins to smile at her. As for what the author tries to teach us, she wants to tell the readers who are attracted to her story that they must treat others well and that they must show them respect and good manners. Because when we are kind and truly appreciate others, they will love us and teat us back with honor. Furthermore, we have to prove to people whom we love our feelings towards them through giving them gifts and presents. Besides, parents have to deal with their children well, listen to their complaints and not be afraid to show what they truly feel towards them. Finally, it seems that Linda wants to indicate in the story A Family for Christmas that we will reap what we sow. In other words when we exert our best efforts and when we dedicate our time at work in order to earn money, God compensates us for all the struggle we had to face and rewards us for our good work. In my opinion, I believe that the best character is Duncan as he is so sweet with Eliza and finds her the box made by her grandfather where she keeps all her favorite things. He also believes that she is kind and beautiful and that she is not useless or a loser. On the contrary, he thinks that she must take care of herself and gets dressed well to show to herself that she deserves to be happy and treated like a lady. So, it seems that Duncan is truly a gentleman who knows how to deal ladies well and how to show them respect. Finally, this book and the plot in it is different comparing to other books. In such story, Linda perfectly manages to grab the attention of readers as well as sharing thoughts with them. She also tries to discuss alt of ideas to see their reactions. She also depicts the characters perfectly using a lot of new words and voices so that readers will not feel bored. She also was able to talk about every single topic on which she wanted to focus in order to prove her excellence and ability to write stories that any other author is not willing to or does not have the audacity to write. Thats why this story is considered as one of the best stories any one could read. Recommendations: The story written by Linda Fay is truly an amazing one and I would definitely recommend it to all my friends and family members. When I read this book, I become really excited and fascinated about the main character Eliza and how a poor young girl like her has to deal with all these problems in order to have a good life. After deciding to leave her house in which she was brought up, she does not know where to go. If Fay and Duncan did not find her, she would die or live in streets with no shelter or food. In spite of the fact that the story could be long to many people, I really enjoy it as it is full of different incidents that attract my attention especially when Elizas father comes to see her after this long time or when Eliza has dinner with her new family at the end or even when James gives her the new shoes to enable her to walk well without feeling disabled or useless. On the other hand, the story is good for both adults and young kids because its themes represented in love, r espect, family and poverty are suitable for any age. Thats why parents can read it for their children or they can read it by themselves. Moreover, Linda is one of the greatest authors as she tries to do whatever it takes in order to prove her success and increase her fame around the world. Thats why the New York Times calls this story the years best book since it is full of fiction, adventure, emotions and romance. Linda also focuses on the important ties and bonds between the members of family and how these bonds can have an impact on the members. Throughout the whole story, Eliza tries to find herself a new family with whom she can live in peace and serenity and with whom she can feel secured and safe. Thats what obliges her to escape to get a new life away from poverty and cruelty. At the end, Linda puts a happy ending to her story in order to make her readers satisfied about what they read and to make them enjoy reading more and more of her books.

A case study of NPower, a leading energy supplier in United Kingdom

A case study of NPower, a leading energy supplier in United Kingdom In the past the training and development approaches were not followed by many organizations. It was believed that the managers or leaders are born not made. Activities of training the employees were considered the wastage of time and resources. However, with the passage of time it was understood by the theorists and the organizations themselves that training and development is very important for human resource building. Now training and development is one of the important functions of human resource management. Training is not considered as a cost rather it is considered as investment on the employees which ultimately become the assets of an organization (Beardwell, 2004). Different methods and techniques are available to train and develop the human resource and those methods and techniques are modernized with critical analysis and their effect on human behaviors. There is one way to train the employees is to give them theoretical knowledge about the skills and give them an understanding of theories and procedures developed by different big organizations and theorists. This type of training and development comes under cognitive approach which majorly focuses on lectures, discussion, demonstrations etc. However the case company, npower does not follow this approach as they believe more in practical training rather than verbal or written training. Npower train their employees in real time working conditions where they understand the skills and adapt them and implement them on their job in the same time. This allows more sold grasps on the concepts and techniques as bookish knowledge might be different from the practical knowledge. And this also does not allow the generation of any conflict between the bookish knowledge and its practical implementation. This type of training and development comes under behavioral methods. Npower puts the responsibilities on the employees shoulders and delegates the decision making power to their employees which give them a sense that they are the part of the organization. In this way the employees feel more responsibility on their shoulders and this enhances their leadership skills and capabilities. The company involves the employees of all levels in the decision making process as they trust the competencies of their staff. The decision making power is delegated to all levels depending upon the criticality of the decision and the risk associated with it. The strategic decisions which involve high risk are the responsibility of the top management. As designing and implementing the strategies gives a direction to all the organization and it is very important to show a right direction to the organization otherwise the whole venture will be a complete failure. After the strategically decision, comes the tactical decision which is required to be made for the proper implementation of strategies decided by the top level executives. Tactical decision is at the discretion of the managers. This is because it involves fewer risks as compared to the strategic decisions. Managers are in a better position to take such decision because they understand the strengths and weaknesses of their team members. This allows the managers to learn the analytical and managerial skills and furthermore the skill of taking strategy in to implementation phase. The next level of decisions is the operational decisions which are delegated to the low level employees. For instance an employee does not have to wait for the approval of his manager if he finds that a part of a machine is required to be changed. Such type of operational decision is taken by the employees themselves and this increases their operational skill and knowledge. In this way npower delegates the decision making power at different levels and provides a platform of learning and development of the skills of their employees. This enables the organization to build a force of skilled human resource that gives them a competitive advantage over the others in the market. Training and Development Theories and Npower Approach Competitive advantage is referred to that ability of an organization which is not possessed by the other organizations and it is a competitive advantage which leads the organization to the top positions. There are many organizations in the world who are leading the markets by gaining competitive advantage in different fields of their business activities. One of the way in which a firm can attain a competitive advantage over the competitors is by building a force of superior human resource (Beardwell, 2004). Now the question arises that how this force of superior human resource can be build. The answer lies in a very important function of human resource management i.e. training and development. It has been observed that the employees or labor working in a competitive environment of market always welcome the training and development programs which can enhance their skills and knowledge (Davis Bostrom, 1993). Now days every job holder understands that to sustain and grow in the career it is very important to polish their skills. It is not that time where one degree or diploma is sufficient for the whole life. Employees actively participate in several programs which are organized by their organization and it has been observed that in some organization employees demand from their human resource department to arrange such training and development programs. Successful organization of today has built their human resource work force over the passage of time. There is no doubt that this work force is a highly valuable asset for any organization and the only possible way to build this workforce is training and development (Barney, 1986). There are several theories available in literature which emphasize on the importance of training and development in the organization and provides different alternative methods for training and development. A discussion of four major theories of training and development is given below. Theory of reinforcement This theory emphasizes on the learning behavior of a person and suggests that the learner will repeat that behavior which is attached with a positive outcome or result. Skinner an economist of behaviorist school of thought proposed the theory of reinforcement and suggested that the training and development programs should be aligned with the organizational objectives and a positive outcome should be expected with such training and development programs. Further elaborating this concept suggested in reinforcement theory, it can be argued that there are several techniques available in human resource practices which can be associated with the training and development programs and the required suggestion by this theory can be fulfilled. Different types of rewards in the form of bonuses, salary raises, promotion and awarding of certificate after the training program can be associated with the training and development activities and these rewards will definitely gen erate a positive outcome. If this is done by an organization then according to the Skinners theory of reinforcement the trainer i.e. the employee will show more interest in the training and development programs held by the organization. Theory of Learning Types The theory presented by Gagne emphasized on learning of intellectual skills. These are such skills which are found rare among the persons. He suggested by different learning types in his theory and each learning type contains some external and internal conditions. The five categories of learning which Gagne defined in his theory include intellectual skills, verbal information, attitudes, cognitive strategies and motor skills. Theory of Experiential Learning Experiential and cognitive types of learning are differentiated by experiential theory of learning presented by C. Rogers. According to Rogers, the wants and needs of the learner are addressed by this type of learning. Experience gives the person a maturity and increases the learning power along with the knowledge. Due to the personal involvement, the learner is able to conduct a self-evaluation test, which allows him to understand the effect of learning on his/her attitude. The case company npower seems to follow this theory as the company puts an engineer in different working conditions and allows him to understand different fields of work. This helps the employee to gain experience and that person skills grow by gaining experience with the passage of time. Theory of Social Learning Social theory presents a new view of learning i.e. social. According to the presenter of this theory, Albert Bandura, direct reinforcement cannot address all types of learning. Here by direct enforcement means the training and development programs that is organized to enhance the skills. According to this theory such programs are not address all learning types as there are some social elements which cannot be taught. Those elements are learned by the leaner from his/her surroundings. Such type of learning is called observational learning and this learning is associated with the understanding of different human behaviors. The first type of learning defined in this theory is through observation. In an organization the environment and the surroundings plays a very important role. The environment should be very professional and the surroundings should be in such a way that the people (employees) learn from them. This theory also suggests that it is not necessar y that the behavior is changed after learning something. It is expected that a persons behavior changes after learning something, but it is not in all cases. Furthermore the theory also explains about the mental states which play a vital role in learning process. If the mental status of the person is negative regarding any learning activity then he will not take part in that learning process and even if he is forced to do so, he will not gain any positivity from that process. In organizational training programs the mental state can be made positive regarding the training and development programs by associating the rewards and benefits with such programs which will motivate the employees and help to build a positive mental state. The case company also follow this theory as it allows the employees to learn from the surrounding and provides an environment where they can learn from their supervisors/managers and coworkers. Change Management and Human Resource Management For the organizations throughout the world, constant change has become a necessity for the success and growth. Due to the intense competition in the market organization find them in a continuous process of change in order to cope up with the market and customer needs (Chandler, 1992). In this way change management has become a permanent function or activity of any business. Many organizations increase their effectiveness by using change strategically. However, for an effective change in an organization it is required that proper thoughtful planning is done and the employees acceptance is taken by properly communicating the benefits of change to the employees. Human resource department should be involved form the initial phase of change process (Beardwell, 2004). Change in the organization brings the impact on the minds of the employees and the change in employees attitudes cannot be neglected in this process which should be the prime responsibility of HR department to manage and to m ake that impact on the minds of the employees positive (Buchanan Hucczynski, 1991). It has been observed in different organizations where the change has been brought by the management, that many of the people are uncomfortable with the change. So human resource management functions should be facilitating the change management in the organization and should focus on the removal of those discomforts among the employees brought by the change process. Human resource department should ensure that the reasons and benefits of the change process are properly communicated to all the employees and all the employees are clear about the change process. For effective change process implementation it is very important that employee resistance should not be there and employee resistance majorly occurs when they are not clear about the process and the benefit of the change (Buchanan Hucczynski, 1991). Simply imposing the change in the organization will not result in the effective and successful c hange implementation. Furthermore, this will impose a bad impact on the employees mind and will affect the performance of the employees as the employees will have to work in the new changed environment forcefully and it is very much understood that desired outcomes and results cannot be taken by force. Human resource should be actively involved in the change process and this will bring a real change in the organization. The case company npower, engages it employees in all the decision making process. In the case study Strategic Spare Parts Project is discussed, which is an example of the employee involvement in the business decisions and polices. So the company considers the employees thoughts and suggestions which are very important for bringing change in the organization. Npowers HRM PESTEL Analysis To identify and evaluate the external forces that can affect the organization directly or indirectly, PESTEL analysis is sued. This tool helps to examine and providing an in-depth analysis of all those forces under different heads which can potentially or currently affect the organization. PESTEL analysis is not only to evaluate the forces that can affect the whole organization; this analytical tool can also be used to identify the forces which affect the specific business units or functions of an organization. The human resource polices of the case company npower are under discussion and a PESTEL analysis is conducted of those external forces or factors which can affect the human reduce policies , practise and procedures of the company. Political Forces RWE npower is a leading organization in United Kingdome providing the energy services to the UK market. At United Kingdome there are different legislations which protect the consumer and employee rights. Furthermore there are laws which are used to maintain a fair competition in the market. So, the change in any kind of law and procedures will affect the human resource policies and practices directly. Furthermore, RWE npower is not only operating in UK, it is a German based organization and operating in different countries. So the changes in the laws and procedures in any country will affect the internal human resource policy of the organization. For a clearer understanding lets consider an example of a law in United Kingdome where the minimum wage rate of a labour is 3.59 pounds per hour. If at any time UK government increases it to 4 pounds per hour or more then HR polices of the company will be affected directly and immediately. Economic Forces Economic factors which can affect the HR policies of the case company can involve the change in inflation rate and the global economic condition (Beardwell, 2004). The change in inflation rate will force the company to follow the laws which suggests the organization to increase the salaries and other benefits according to the inflation rate. On the other hand the economic condition of the country as well as the world also affects the businesses (Kelly, 1999). In the recent global economic recession several organizations were forces to reduce their workforce and a downsizing trend was scene in many big multinationals. Due to globalization where the organizations have to expand in different location across the globe the economic forces and their impact also changes (Rioux, Bernthal, Wellins, 2008). For instance the economic condition in Europe will be much different as compared to economic condition in Asia. So, globalization gave birth to the need of managing several economic factors at different geographical locations. Social Forces Several social factors are there which affect the npowers human resource strategies and polices. To provide the employees and labours with a safe and healthy environment is necessary for every organization operating in United Kingdome. There are several legislations that ensure that each employee or labour is fully insured. So, changes in such legislations and laws immediately affect the human resource policies of the organization operating in United Kingdome. In social factors there is also a factor of globalization that affects the organizational HRM policies. As due to globalization the world is becoming a smaller place to operate. Several organizations are operating worldwide which include several cultural and geographical differences. The organization has to manage those cultural and geographical differences. It is not possible for a multinational cooperation such as npower to maintain a static HRM policy for all it business units across the globe. Each geographic al location has its own norms, believes and culture which have to be recognized by the organization. The human resource policies and procedures should support and correspond to the local employees and market needs (Rioux, Bernthal, Wellins, 2008). For the case company which is operating in different geographical locations the human resources management has to be a strategic function rather than simply an administrative function. The company has to consider the local requirements of the labour and employees and haver to focus on utilizing the exiting local talent in order to save the operational and administrative cost of the organization. Technological Forces Technology is changing very fast. It is very important for an organization operating in competitive business world to automate the human resource function (Beardwell, 2004). The manual working and the procedures are now obsolete as it wastes a lot of time and resources. To be quick and dynamic organization must have to automate their processes. Npowers human resource policies and practices will be affected with the change in the technologies. With the introduction of new technology the demand of the employees and the market increase and if the organization does not match up with the new technology then it will face a problem to retain the experienced and skilled workforce. Environmental Forces The health and safety act of United Kingdom puts a binding on the organization to provide healthy and safe environment to the employees. Environmental forces include mostly the weather changes. Human resource polices are indirectly affected by the environmental changes. Due to the change in weather it is quite possible that the employees have to be provided with different protective suits or air-conditioned plants etc. Legislative Forces The government of United Kingdome have passed different laws and regulations and currently there are several laws and regulations which are to be considered by the case company while designing any human resource policy. United Kingdoms Legal Environment Through law the stability and security of the people is ensured and justice is provided according to it to the accused. Just like criminal and social laws there are also the business laws and legislations which are implemented by the state to ensure that the right of different stakeholders are protected. At United Kingdome several laws are there which protect the rights of employees, right of consumers and also there are laws which are to maintain the fair competition in the market and ensure that no organization manipulates the market. A fair and healthy competition is good for the industry as well as for the consumers, but to ensure this atmosphere in the business market the government has taken several steps towards this by implementing certain legislations. As discussed in the PESTEL analysis of npower, the legislative factors also plays and important factor and can affect the human resource policies of the company. Here, different legislation or acts implemented by the government of United Kingdome. For protecting the consumer rights the first legislation under discussion is the consumer Credit Act. It was implemented in 1974 by the UK government and according to this all such business who want to provide credit facility to their customers will have to take approval from Director General of fair trading. For the organization like case company it is not possible to work only on cash, so the organization have to give credit facilities to the corporate clients such as British Telecom, Wembley Stadium and Ford. The enterprise that is found to mislead the customer regarding the price through its promotions can be held accountable under the consumer protection act which was implemented in 1987. Under this act all the organization have to pre sent the actual price of the product or service and if there are any other charges or taxes with the price those should also be presented to the customer in the promotions. The equal pay act which was implemented in 1970, suggests the organization to equally pay the candidates without any discrimination of gender. Another act implemented in 1974 suggests the organization to provide the employees a safe and healthy working environment. The minimum wage act implemented by the UK government in 1998, bound all the enterprises not to pay less than 3.59 pounds per hour. Office of Trading (OFT) is responsible for maintain a healthy competition in the market and to ensure that no organization can create its monopoly. The fair trading act was implemented in 1973 under which Office of Trading can recommend that business to MMC (Monopolies Mergers Commission which is found to be chagrin high prices form the consumer or performing such activities which are against the interest of public. Office of Trading can also set the price ceiling in order to eliminate the monopolistic behaviour of the organizations.

Nerds of the Football World Essay -- Sports Athletics Media Essays

Nerds of the Football World It’s a typical Fall Sunday afternoon and millions of people are huddled around their televisions at home, or at sports bars watching their local team’s battle on the gridiron for football supremacy. Meanwhile, a growing number of the most diehard football fanatics are sitting around their computers. Why aren’t they watching the game you may wonder? It’s simple. A new phenomenon called Fantasy Football is sweeping the nation. The goal of fantasy football is to compile a group of players taken from the National Football League (NFL) that will out perform your opponents. Each player you select earns points for doing certain things within the real NFL game each week. Players score points by rushing for a certain amount of yardage, catching a pass, scoring a touchdown, and a variety of other things which occur in the real game. The game is both simple and complex. A group of people form a league and set a date for a mock draft. Prior to the draft the league decides what their roster will entail. A typical Fantasy Football League (FFL) usually consists of one quarterback, two running backs, three wide receivers, a kicker, and a team defense. More established leagues will sometimes draft individual defensive players, but the standard league still sticks with a team defense. Now that the roster size and description has been established the league gets together on a preset date and time via the internet and the draft day carnage ensues. It’s not called a mock draft merely because you are simulating a real NFL draft. Oh no. â€Å"Mock† takes on a whole new meaning as league participant’s trade banter over who drafts what player. Trash talking is a complex art refined and perfected by the expe... ...hould I replace my star running back with someone else because he had a bad week? These are all vital questions that must be answered before next weeks match up. After 14 weeks of trash talking, stat crunching, article reading, and hours of football watching, if your lucky you’ll find yourself in the playoffs. The playoffs are no different then the regular season except you will be pitted against the best of the best within your league. Four teams will battle each other over two weeks. If you stand alone at the end of the full 16 week season it’s time to do your victory dance. You are the undisputed champion of your league, and while your uncouth baseball fan friends may not understand the tiny 12† trophy you’ve bought for yourself and placed upon your desk at work, fellow FFL fanatics will pass by and bow down in homage to your fantasy football superiority. Nerds of the Football World Essay -- Sports Athletics Media Essays Nerds of the Football World It’s a typical Fall Sunday afternoon and millions of people are huddled around their televisions at home, or at sports bars watching their local team’s battle on the gridiron for football supremacy. Meanwhile, a growing number of the most diehard football fanatics are sitting around their computers. Why aren’t they watching the game you may wonder? It’s simple. A new phenomenon called Fantasy Football is sweeping the nation. The goal of fantasy football is to compile a group of players taken from the National Football League (NFL) that will out perform your opponents. Each player you select earns points for doing certain things within the real NFL game each week. Players score points by rushing for a certain amount of yardage, catching a pass, scoring a touchdown, and a variety of other things which occur in the real game. The game is both simple and complex. A group of people form a league and set a date for a mock draft. Prior to the draft the league decides what their roster will entail. A typical Fantasy Football League (FFL) usually consists of one quarterback, two running backs, three wide receivers, a kicker, and a team defense. More established leagues will sometimes draft individual defensive players, but the standard league still sticks with a team defense. Now that the roster size and description has been established the league gets together on a preset date and time via the internet and the draft day carnage ensues. It’s not called a mock draft merely because you are simulating a real NFL draft. Oh no. â€Å"Mock† takes on a whole new meaning as league participant’s trade banter over who drafts what player. Trash talking is a complex art refined and perfected by the expe... ...hould I replace my star running back with someone else because he had a bad week? These are all vital questions that must be answered before next weeks match up. After 14 weeks of trash talking, stat crunching, article reading, and hours of football watching, if your lucky you’ll find yourself in the playoffs. The playoffs are no different then the regular season except you will be pitted against the best of the best within your league. Four teams will battle each other over two weeks. If you stand alone at the end of the full 16 week season it’s time to do your victory dance. You are the undisputed champion of your league, and while your uncouth baseball fan friends may not understand the tiny 12† trophy you’ve bought for yourself and placed upon your desk at work, fellow FFL fanatics will pass by and bow down in homage to your fantasy football superiority.

Milton and Cavendish: Faithful Realists :: Paradise lost Blazing World

Milton and Cavendish: Faithful Realists Inquiries regarding the nature and acquisition of knowledge, coupled with the monumental question of whether human beings are capable of accruing knowledge–the philosophical study of epistemology–has roots buried in antiquity: Genesis, to be exact. Great thinkers of the Western tradition have both accepted and rejected components of Old Testament lore; Platonic and Aristotelian philosophers have indeed battled for centuries over the way in which reality is understood. Following Aristotle’s teachings, the empiricists and Enlightenment thinkers regarded the processing of sense and experiential data as the surest way to unlock truth. Plato’s adherents, however, figures such as Immanuel Kant, deemed the human intellect a leaky and misguiding faculty, not quite efficient in comprehending truth. John Milton and Margaret Cavendish, the reigning theological epistemologists of the 17th century, pondered the nature of divine reality, the role of human rationality in understanding God’s master plan, and the means by which that plan is (and should be) grasped by the human race. Both Milton and Cavendish have declared in their works, Paradise Lost and The Blazing World, that reason as a means to arrive at ultimate truth is insufficient; in the end, faith is the only tool with which human beings acquire proper knowledge. After an initial reading of The Blazing World, one would assume Cavendish ranked reason above faith, parting ways with Milton; the Empress in the tale is nearly obsessed with scientific inquiry. Upon close analysis of the text, however, it becomes evident that Cavendish’s message is complementary to Milton’s. This is not to say that either Milton or Cavendish were pure theologians in their world view, placing no value on science or logic; rather, both found a measure of importance in the findings of contemporary science and consequently instilled in their literary protagonists curiosity about the laws of the universe. It was just such cosmic curiosity that plagued thinking individuals of the Renaissance period. As Europe slowly developed a flavor for scientific inquiry, well guarded theological dogmas were threatened; the mid 1600s was indeed a time of questioning long established religious and political doctrines. While grappling with the emerging debate of reason versus faith, Milton and Cavendish offered philosophical fictions heralding the supremacy of the latter. Characters in the authors’ works discover that reason, untempered by belief in divine truth, is dangerous. Cavendish’s Empress of the Blazing World, for example, is a tyrannical ruler who demands that her subjects uncover the secrets of the natural world.

Female Struggles Essay -- Journalism Journalistic Papers

Patriarchal cultures are the universal reality of modern society. People who believe in equal rights for women try to expose the pitfalls of patriarchy. A role of the feminists is to fight patriarchy. In Salt Lake City, Utah where there are a number of people who belong to the Church of Latter Day Saints, also known as Mormons, patriarchy also exists. Terry Tempest Williams discusses patriarchy and women’s connection to the land in Refuge. Over time women’s status in society has become better, however in Mormon culture women’s rights have decreased. In Refuge, Terry Tempest Williams as an ecofeminist defies the traditional Mormon woman’s role. In Refuge the gender roles are not as clear as in society. Williams chooses to display the gender roles more subtly. We learn that women are very close to other women. We see men doing manual labor. You see the mother as the nurturer and the father as the provider. Terry Tempest Williams gives readers insight on the culture but not explicit ideas about how gender in constructed in Mormon culture. Outside of Refuge, women have really lost rights in the last few years. In recent years women have lost the right to have priesthood and give blessings though polygamy has ceased (Stack 2003). These struggles are specific to Mormons but there are many struggles that women face all over the country. The struggles that women face internationally are extensive. The female Mormons in Utah are not exempt from this struggle, in fact their struggles compare to women in the third world. In some Islamic states, the women have to cover their bodies so men can not see their bodies at all. Though Mormonism is not exactly the same, the status of women in the church has become progressively worse, making wo... ... a family, and if finances allow, be a stay at home mom. While women are supposed to be prepared for a career – in case they don’t get married, spouse dies, etc., the first priority is supposed to be raising a family, and often career plans are â€Å"just in case† (4/13/05). With the things that women know and do not quite know they make their opinions as all do. Even with the descent of women in Mormonism, through a thoughtful process, Sheena James herself chooses to be a stay at home mom in the future. There is no problem with this choice nor is it a problem for all women to make this choice; as long as there is a choice. Williams’ choice was not to perpetuate gender roles in her life. She still loves and appreciates her cultural practices though sexism exists in the culture. Being an eco feminist defies the traditional role of the woman as Williams does in Refuge.

Nursing Practice Act Essay

I came to realize just how fare we have come. My article includes information on the scope of practice for the nursing profession. The’re alson many different responsabilities of nurses, and the exams and prcedures they go though to become licensed are something else. There are a lot of things that a person can do to lose their license. The’re are also many avenues you can take in nursing, there are a lot of opertunities to grow. The definition of Nursing Practice is to provide individuals and groups with nursing care requiring specialized knowledge, judgment, and skill derived from the principles of biological, physical, behavioral, social, and nursing sciences. A nurses scope of practice focuses on identifing patterns of human responses to actual or potential health problems amenable to a nursing regimen. They are to execute a nursing regimen through the selection, performance, management, and evaluation of nursing actions, assessing health status, and to provide health counseling and health teaching. The scope of practice includes administering medicatons, treatments, and to execute regimens that are by authorized personal. The scope of practice also includes teaching, administering , supervising, delegating, and evaluating nursing practice. The standards related to the RN’s responsibilities in implementing the nursing process and as a member of the nursing profession is to be knowledgable in your work, always use the best possible route, and always make informed decisions. An advanced practice nurse is a registered nurse who has been certified under a certain chapter to practice in a certain field, by the board of nursing. They have certified registered nurse anesthetist, clinical nurse specialist, certified nurse- midwife, and certified nurse practitioner. Nurse practitioners have to also obtain prescriptive authority, which grants them the authority to prescribe medication. The nursing licensure requirements for a new graduate is first to send in an application for the licensure. The application has to include evidence that the applicant has completed requirements of a nursing education program approved by the board or approved by another jurisdiction’s board that regulates nurse licensure. The application will also include information requied by the board. There will be an application fee required by section 4723. 08 of the revised code. You also have to pass a background check that was brought into effect after June 1, 2003. The board of nursing may revoke, suspend or refuse to grant a nursing license, if a person is found by the board to have committed fruad in passing an examination required to obtain the license. A nurse can also have there license suspended or revoked if caught selling, giving away, or administering drugs or therapeutic devices for other than legal and legitimate therapeutic purposes. To renew a license that was issued for a two-year renewal period you have to have 24 hours of continuing nursing education. At least one hour of the education must be directly related to the statutes and rules pertainig to the practice of nursing in this state. The law and rule that sets the requirements for schools of nursing is section 4723. 07. Section 4723. 07 explains the different precedures and precautions that have to be taught to maintain proper sanitation and cleanliness. Handeling and disposal of needles and other sharp instruments. Wearing and disposal of gloves and other protective garments and devices. All in all the responsibilities of the Ohio state Board of Nursing is to assume and exercise all the powers and perform all the duties required of it by chapter 4723. In the nursing world everything has to go through the Board of nursing and they decide everything by vote. The board of nursing follows specific guidelines that are all mentioned with in the Nursing Practice Act and it is constantly changing. To continue on into advanced practice nursing you have to aquire your masters degree. It is also illegal to call yourself an RN with out being licensed but the board of nursing. The Nursing practice Act is where you want to look to find out what you have to do to get certain licenses and certifications.

Historical Evolution of Shopping Places

foundation garmentIn the beginning of the memoir of shop topographicalal gets, the shop bodily work out took topographic academic degree in the unfastened blanks with immature(prenominal) urban and unrestricted offices and activities and activities of the seat of government, equivalent antique classical square or papist meeting place.After centuries, the enclosed shop centers separate urbanity and obtain activity from for severally one other. These to the crossways-the-board enclosed and environmentally controlled ingestion infinites reinterpreted the urban cloth to imitate a city enter and a street uniform atmosphere indoors. Inside the walls a saucily chief city was created, where masses shop, eat, entertain, and even kip, take in married or have a college instruction.Today, urban cloth and shopping exhi poker chip integrating is going more of import. stretch infinite and sustainable design for shopping promenades atomic number 18 the lifting te ndencies in the universe. So, the bing shopping promenades argon opening, incorporating with and fabric and continually updating themselves to make out with the emerging shopping topographic establishs. This late regeneration tendency is called De-malling in the universe. stretch OF STUDYAs it is non possible to grok and conception shopping promenades without cognizing their beginning and their development as a type, this thesis explores the write up of shopping topographic points with recent tendencies in shopping promenade design. Shopping promenades atomic number 18 accepted as urban habitual infinites. So, the range of go off is originated harmonizing to urban public infinite quality of shopping promenades. The survey comprises a research on definitions and theories of public kingdom, public infinite, and urbanity and their interaction with shopping promenade design constructs. The shopping infinites in news report and the modern-day shopping promenade, from the begi nning through the emerging types, are exemplified and examined from literature and Internet, in order to understand their development, their transmutation, and their regeneration grounds, schemes and solutions. In the terminal, the recent schemes besides verify the clients preferring of shopping promenades with improved urban infinite quality. historical EVOLUTION OF SHOPPING PLACESToday, ingestion has get under ones skin a lifestyle and shopping promenades are the temples of ingestion. Shopping promenades are re tendering urban environing with their multiple functionality, several(predicate) architectural constructs, and advance architectural solutions they provide. How do they go that all-powerful?HISTORY & A TYPESThe metropolis is an tangled being under changeless alteration. In its life mesh, public constructions are bonded to the topographic points where concourse live, and these, in bend, are bonded to each other, in a rich blind of adjacency. The metropolis presents us with a new set of environmental thoughts, such as the street, the public square, the defensive wall and its Gatess. It crowds our intervention with a mark of edifice innovations for illustration, the duct and the garner, the castle and the bath, the farestuff, the bakeshop, stores, eating houses, and libraries. ( A history of Architecture Settings and Rituals by Spiro Kostof, page 43 )ANCIENT TIMESWhen Prehistoric people started to pass on they besides started to merchandise. They bartered goods and function from each other. The history of long-distance mer messtilism began about one hundred fifty.000 old ages ago. The earliest craft activities took topographic point in concourse and assemblage infinites. ( Shoping Environments Development, Planning and purpose By scratch Coleman )During the Stone Age, the exchange of obsidian and bouldery was started. In Catalhoyuk, a Neolithic check colony in southern Anatolia 7500-5000 BC, thither is grounds that obsidian tools w ere traded for points such as Mediterranean Sea shells and flint from Syria.In 1969 Jane Jacobs ( journalist, writer, and activist best known for her influence on urban surveies ) create a new system, called crude Obsidian Theory, to explicate the advancement of urbanization in Neolithic ages. In this theory she created an fanciful metropolis and named as New Obsidian, Catalhoyuk was her notional account metropolis. Harmonizing to Jacobs, the obsidian trade clear the New Obsidian metropolis and the whole metropolis was a market topographic point in map.Besides harmonizing to Kostof ( A history of Architecture Settings and Rituals by Spiro Kostof, p.43 ) , the urban regeneration differs from the Neolithic revolution. The metropolis typified a social procedure and the revolution it brought about was corporate in the interaction of people with each other. maven of the primary intents for the initiation and operating theatre of metropoliss is interchanging goods. So, trade i s one of the grounds for interactions of people with each other that developed urbanisation. Although it is sham that trade was started in Neolithic level the earliest nonliteral presentation of market topographic point is seen in Egyptian drawings in 1500 BC. exclusively, there is no indisputable grounds in what infinite or edifice they carried out their trade activities. originally the innovation of currency, trade was states sovereignty to be. For illustration, in Ancient Egypt, Pharaoh wielded masterly control of the work and its resources as the unconditional sovereign of the state. All people were his workers. and so they started to merchandise in short graduate tables. They use a sort of deal system. The old-fashioned Egyptians did non gestate the usage of money until the Late Time goal. During the 5Thursday degree Celsius B.C. , money was introduced from abroad. ( hypertext ecstasy communications protocol //www.touregypt.net/featurestories/prices.htm )In the antediluvian E, ironss of retail shops are known to hold operated in China in several centuries B.C. Chinese people traded salt, Fe, angle, cowss, and silk through the celebrated Silk Road, they besides traded externally goods from China could be traded by Greece ( hypertext transfer protocol //ancienthistory.about.com/od/ chinaware/ss/082208china_5.htm )AgoraThe Agora was an unfastened cast of assembly in ancient Grecian city states. The most of import map of the agora was topographic point for everyday communications and formal and informal assembly. In the beginning, the citizens would garner in the agora for military responsibility or to hear statements of the disposal male monarch or council, previous(predicate) in the Grecian history in 900s-700s B.C. Later, the Agora delineate as an open-air, much tented market topographic point of a metropolis where merchandisers had their stores and where craftsmen made and sold their wares. Agora was the generation of modern urba n infinite.On market yearss, goods were laid out on mats or on impermanent stables to permit other activities such as vote and argument, public shows, athleticss and parades to take topographic point outside market yearss. The earliest duty took topographic point at the hub of the colony, and so established the integrated relationship surrounded by trading and the knocker of civilised activity in the meat of the towns. ( Shoping Environments Development, Planning and Design By Peter Coleman )Agora was situated on the crossings of chief roads of the metropolis and surrounded by public edifices. One of the of import parts of the Agora was the Stoa. Stoa comprises cover paseos or porticos for public use. Large porticoes appeared on the chief roads of the large towns during the Grecian and Roman periods.In the ancient Grecian merchandisers spread their wares under the colonnades of the Stoa, which was particularly designated for their activity. take over there were no change less stores as a physically defined infinite for stores in the Grecian Agora. The Grecian metropoliss developed in a self-generated, organic manner, lacked logical street systems, and contained only the beginnings of arcaded public promenades . But subsequently, get downing in the sixth century B.C. , new Grecian metropoliss emerged that were found on a systematic program, called gridiron, with a the like(p) blocks, long broad avenues, and a extraneous agora surrounded by colonnaded streets. The Romans extended this program.ROMAN FORUM meeting place is the market topographic point or public topographic point of an ancient Roman metropolis, the bone marrow of judicial and line personal businesss and a topographic point of assembly for the people ( hypertext transfer protocol //www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/assembly ( 12.12.2009 ) ) . Just like Greek Agora, the major metropoliss of the Roman period formed unfastened infinites as the centre of the civic life, which were surr ounded by temples, basilicas, washup machines and province edifices. Shopping was one of the activities which took topographic point both in the edifices and in the gathering infinite.( Shoping Environments Development, Planning and Design By Peter Coleman )The Roman Forum, which was a angulate courtyard surrounded by stores, was primed(p) on the axis, amidst basilica and capitol ( introduce 3.6 ) . This program was repeated throughout the Empire. Marcus Vitruvius Pollio who was natural in 8070 B.C. and died aft(prenominal) 15 B.C. has been called as worlds foremost known applied scientist. He outlined the standardisation and usage of readymade theoretical accounts in his treatise. As a consequence, from the for the graduation time century B.C. new towns and municipalities became miniature Romes. The function of architectural invention had been reduced.The major forum was called the Forum Romanum. The others named as the Forum Caesaris, the Forum Trajani, the forum boarium ( the cowss market ) , the forum piscarium ( the fish market ) , the forum holitorium ( the veggie market ) , and the forum suarium ( the pig market ) like todays supermarkets. ( hypertext transfer protocol //ancienthistory.about.com/library/bl/bl_pennellhistoryofrome47.htm )Trajan merchandiseTrajans foodstuff provided a wholly new image for urban design, as a group composite of domed infinites for commercial and societal intents. Apollodorus of Damascus construct the Market in AD 100-110 in the clip of emperor butterfly Trajan. During the in-between Ages the composite was transformed by adding floor degrees. Trajans Forum is in all likelihood to hold been one of the first aggregations of defined stores and was a brilliant agreement of shared-use edifices. It was the first illustration of the stores mostly under block out and set on several degrees. Trajans Forum was holding approximately 150 stores on assorted degrees. The upper degrees were used for offices while the lowe r portion, had shops selling oil, vinos, seafood, food markets, veggies and fruit.MEDIEVAL TO 19ThursdayCenturyAfter the autumn of the horse opera Roman Empire in 5Thursdaycentury, western sandwich atomic number 63 drifted into 500 old ages or so of dark ages, shopping included. The large-scale retail environment of the Roman forum was non re-attained until many centuries subsequently. However, merchandising neer ceased and patronage became the footing for exchange of goods instead than money. hobby the dark ages, the in-between Ages witnessed the first prolong urbanisation of northern and western Europe. As a consequence, towns began to proper once more, on base the palaces and abbeys, finally broadening and developing into trading centres. ( Shoping Environments Development, Planning and Design By Peter Coleman )Medieval MARKET HALL AND township HALLThe market and town houses were the bosom of trading and concern activity of the metropolis. They were regain along with the market square, in the centre of the town. The early market and town hall edifices have the two utilizations the first floor was disposal, the land floor remained unfastened between the columns and was used as an extension to the market. The wares displayed on removable stables. After a piece, the land floors were arranged into a group of teensy stores. So, the defined store infinites in Union Europe started. This format of outward confronting aggregations of stores would scram to organize the footing of shop-lined streets throughout Europe in ulterior centuries.By 1300AD lasting constructions had begun to irrupt on to open market topographic points. These islands of edifices originated as impermanent stables arranged in narrow rows devoted to mirthful trades. Subsequently, the stables were replaced by edifices with domestic adjustment or storage above a drag ones heels or store, and many were finally reconstruct as complete houses. A rattling good illustration of a combined m arket and town hall furnish a aggregation of defined stores can be found at the camp in Breslau 1275, today Wroclaw in Poland. The Breslau Market Buildings are one of the earliest illustrations of purpose-made single-use market edifices. Beside the town hall, four latitude linear ways lined with stores on each side provided clandestine stables for different types of trade.The market was founded harmonizing to Magdeburg Law every bit early as the regulation of heat content I the Bearded between 1214 and 1232. everyplace clip, the patricians houses appeared and by the center of the fourteenth century they had formed a closed expression with the bounds of the secret plans defined. The Magdeburg Law were a set of German town Torahs modulating the vagabond of internal liberty within metropoliss and smaller towns granted with it by a topical anesthetic swayer. The jurisprudence was a milepost in urbanisation of the part and prompted the development of 1000s of small towns and metropoliss. ( hypertext transfer protocol //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magdeburg_rights )By the 16Thursdaycentury, across Europe market edifices were no extended combined with town halls. Alternatively, market halls were built as big additive constructions screen long nave-like infinites, with side aisles lined with stables organizing aggregations of stores.