Review Of Thomas Paines Argument History Essay

Review Of Thomas Paines Argu handst History EssayThomas Paine incurs his pamphlet, greens Sense, by asserting that government is a necessary evil that is a break up of society. Paine goes further in depth with his analysis for the need of government by criticizing Britains government. He believes that there is a less of two evils in terms of government and Britains government is the more(prenominal) evil one. He strongly disagrees with Britains monarchy and their complex government. He states that their government is corrupt and unjust and that their immoral way of governing is affecting the lives of colonists through unfair taxes and mistreatment. Paine argues that America needs to strive for absolute independence because no country forget be able to mediate the dispute surrounded by America and Britain as long as America is seen as a part of Britain. Nor will any country help America if they think that their help will be used by America to reconcile with Britain in the future . By declaring independence, America could begin to gain the benefits of alliances and trade as well. By gaining complete independence from Britain will America truly be free from wrongful taxes and exploitation.Paine makes it make that he is non fond of government. For Paine, living with come in government is perceived as being ideal. Paine sees the idea of government even in its best state as a necessary evil in its worst state an intolerable one (Paine 3). He believes a governments existence is justified only to the extent that it mitigates problems between civil disputes. Other than ending civil quarrels, Paine believes that a governments purpose is to restrain our vices (3) and act solely as a punisher (3). Paine presents government as an institution whose incline is to restrain the evil in valet. If tribe were to act morally, government would not be necessary. However, since people argon capable of committing sins, government is necessary for the protection of life and p roperty. Governments fundamental purpose, therefore, is to provide security. If a government fails to improve society than it is not worth keeping or at the very least should be reformed. car park Senseattacks Britains monarchy and all that comes with it. Paine presents his specific problems with the British monarchy, with his attack on hereditary succession and with the numerous complaints he makes against the powerfulness. In a country, where they believe all men are created equal Paine criticizes Britain for having kings, essentially being hypocrites. The idea of kings originates from the Bible when the Jews asked the prophet, Samuel, for a king. Samuel warned the Jews of the outcomes of having a king but the people did not listen. Therefore, Paine believes that the origin of a king comes from sin. Kings and the idea of sin might not be as important in todays society but including the argument of kings and religion in his pamphlet make a more significant impact on readers in Pai nes generation because they were strict on religion. in time in biblical times, kings were reasonable positions although they were viewed as access from sin. Kings back then were often generals or judges however, in England, a man would be puzzled to know what is his business (16). Paine is saying that there is no real reason to have a king because we have generals and judges therefore the duties of a king are meaningless. Paine adds that hereditary succession of kings brings other evils. For example, people who see themselves as born into an elite existence are often ignorant and unfit (15). Paine believes that a king should not exist within a government because the king has too much power and their touch with society is lost. Lastly, Paine opposes the theory that hereditary succession reduces civil wars. At least nineteen rebellions and eightsome civil wars broke out in Britains past. Paine concludes that monarchy and hereditary succession have produced nothing besides a wrongf ul government and bloodshed.Paine argues that America will in the end be independent. Since more people in Paines time are uncertain about the idea of arevolution, it is important to establish the grounds for American independence. He establishes American independence as being a necessity, not a choice, in order to escape from taxes. By convincing his audience that America will be independent some day, it is much easier for Paine to make the case for an immediate and full rebellion. Paine states clearly that America will, in the end, separate from Britain. It is not a event of if, but when they will separate. Paine says the ideal time to separate from Britain is now. Paine states if the British continue to rule in America the country will weaken. Paine persuades his readers by stating that America has a large number of able men ready to retaliate. Additionally, Paine argues, the colonies are small enough to be united. If the colonists allow too much time to pass by, more and more people will flock to America. With more people, Paine believes, it will be more difficult to work with everyone and organize a full rebellion.Another draw point in Paines argument comes from the scenario if America were to make peace with Britain. Paine argues that if America was to repair relations with Britain, the problems they presently face will come back and begin an endless cycle. A cycle where America and Britain reconcile and then Britain breaks their part of the agreement by creating some other absurd taxes. The new taxes that would be impose would interfere with the colonists lives. Paine supports his argument by pointing out the history of colonial relations with Britain, especially the events surrounding the Stamp Act. Paine references the Stamp Act of 1765, where Parliament imposed taxes on a variety of printed materials. After the colonists protested, Britain revoked the tax. However, by 1767, Parliament imposed a new round of taxes on a large range of goods in the colonies. These taxes are just an endless cycle that will continue to occur, unless America just ceases all relations with Britain.One of the key problems that had colonists doubting revolution was the British navy. Even though, Britain appeared to be an all-powerful world empire, many could simply not believe the idea that the colonies could break free of the worlds largest empire. The colonists knew that the British Navy was one the strongest, if not strongest, ocean forces of their time. Paine addresses this problem by stating that America can raise a navy of their own that will match up or even surpass the British Navy. He explains that this is possible because America currently has no national debt and can afford to construct a navy. Paine presents calculations, done by Mr. Burchett, Secretary to the navy, that show the court of around 3,500,000 pound sterlings to build a navy. Paine shows with detailed calculations that the colonists could build a navy to rival Britain. Fur thermore, Paine also adds that America has all the natural resources, such as tar, timber, iron, and cordage, (36) to construct a navy. Paine explains that it would cost even less because there are raw materials and natural resources conveniently available to them. By laying out a detailed plan of how America could build a navy to rival Britains, Paine makes a more convincing case that America can do what many would consider impossible.Another significant argument that Paine makes, in regards to the navy, is that Americas coasts are unprotected and vulnerable. Paine writes, The more sea port towns we had, the more should we have both to defend and to retrogress (34). By raising a navy it would both further expand business and trade of America and provide defense for their shores. In addition, Paine writes that the British Navy is too busy patrolling various colonies of the Empire, and that an American navy would need only concern itself with protecting their own coast. Paine conclu des by stating, to expend millions for the sake of getting a few vile acts repealed, and routing the present ministry only, is unworthy the charge (34). Paine says that the cost of the war is justified if the result is complete freedom. However, Paine believes that it is not worth putting up a struggle if it is simply to repeal some tax laws. Paine wants absolute independence, and nothing less.There are counter-arguments that Britain protected America from the French and Indian therefore, the colonists should be grateful. However, Paine points out the Britain only protected America for its own financial reasons. Britain did not protect America out of concern for the colonists. Furthermore, if America had not been a part of Britain in the first place, they would never have needed the protection. It is because America was a colony of Britain that they needed protection.Another counter-argument that Paine addresses is being of British descent. Paine argues that being of British descent does not matter. He uses an analogy that Britains population is made up by French. However, unlike the colonists, the French that live in Britain are not forced to pay French taxes while living in Britain. Paine uses this analogy to criticize the taxes imposed on America by Britain. If the British themselves do not pay taxes for the French, the colonists have the dependable not to pay either.Common Sense plays a pivotal role in the American Revolution because it forges the attitude of Americans. Common Sense is easy to comprehend, and that is Paines goal. He presents these arguments so that the common man is able to understand. He stresses that the time for independence is now and presents strong arguments as to why the time is now. With the importance of raising a navy and pointing out the corrupt government Britain has America under, Paine illustrates that independence is Americas top priority. Until America declare independence from Britain, the colonists will feel itself like a man who continues putting off some unpleasant business from day to day, yet knows it must be done, hates to set about it, wishes it over, and is continually haunted with the thoughts of its necessity (44). Paine could not have explained the importance of haste for independence any better.

Victorian Decade of Crisis: An Overview

squared-toe Decade of Crisis An OverviewWhy hold the 1880s been viewed by historians as a decade of crisis for London?Great urban center of the midnight sun,Whose solar day begins when day is done.1The late Victorian era was a time of many learnings, and much progress. After a number of short trade depressions in the early(a) years of Queen Victorias reign, the situation stabilised and then increased from the mid-1840s. This was largely due to the massive spread of railways at the time. This period of change magnitude industry was complemented by the so-called Golden days of High Farming when agriculture enjoyed similar successes, despite the repeal of the corn laws in 1846. This Golden Age was followed, however, by a period of prolonged depression which spanned over twenty years from the early 1870s until the mid 1890s. It was only in 1914, with the outbreak of the Great War, that the congenator ebb of Britain as an industrial power became apparent. Why were the 1880s suc h years of crisis, and what was the extent of this crisis?Although the decade crepuscles in what is usually depict as the Great Depression, export and production bets for the period suggest the industrial situation was non as bad as some believe. The mark industry go on to expand, as did the coal and cotton textiles industries. The amount of cotton cloth exported was 3573 one million million yards between 1870-79, firearm between 1880-89, this figure increased 4675 million yards.2 As Burnett states, by the decade of the 1880s, it was clear that the growth both of the cotton and woollen industries had fallen off sharply3 There were, however, other verbal expressions of the period which warranted the description more. Prices were falling, for example, which meant the value of exports was reduced, thereby reducing profits. Unemployment in the decade averaged 5.4% compared to 4.6% in the twenty years before 1874. In 1886, the figure rose for that year to 10%.4The cause of the d epression has been attributed to the give the axe-off in railway structure which started. In each five year period between 1845 and 1870, an average of 2000 miles of new track were laid, while between 1885 and 1900, this figure fell to 750 miles.5 This affected one of the major growth industries of the earlier period the steel industry, as demand fell. It was in any case during this period that the competition from other countries began to be noticed. This came most acutely from Germany and the USA. German coal production rose from 34 million tons in 1870 to 59 million tons in 1880, while US coal production rose to 64.9 million tons in the same period. While British production was still ahead at 149 million tons, competition was growing. The case was similar in pig-iron and steel production.6 In the US, machines such as the typewriter and the sewing machine were macrocosm developed. Having been the scratch nation to industrialise, much of the machinery and equipment employ in British industry was becoming outdated and surpassed by technology which the newly industrialising nations were utilising. It was in this period, and during the 1880s in particular, that the extent of this relative decline began to be noticed, and this was a major contributory occurrenceor to the decade being findn more generally as one of crisis. As Harris points out, one of the striking facts that emerges from the Census of 1871 is that, a hundred years after the on hardened of the Industrial Revolution, the topography of Britain was still in many ways that of a predominantly rural democracy.7Britain, as soundly as falling behind in technological developments, was being pushed out of her traditional markets by these newly industrialising nations. The US could increasingly meet her own needs, while the European markets were being flooded with cheaper, often better quality goods from other countries. Belgium, for example, developed cheaper, better quality methods of glass produ ction, while the Germans were able to introduce Siemens furnaces for steel production. While these other nations increasingly introduced tariff systems to protect their domestic markets, this was anathema to the British laissez faire approach. Consequently, the British markets remained unprotected and were flooded with imported goods.Another industrial job in Britain during the period was the failure of British management systems. These, too, were becoming outdated and surpassed by competitors newly-developed systems. Often based around the family firm, management positions were often filled by familial connection rather than ability. Coupled with this was the lack of investment in new machinery and industrial apparatus which in turn contributed to the lack of competitiveness in British industry generally. There was a general lack of initiative and failure to get pertain in the newly developing industries such as the petro-chemical and electrical engineering industries, which woul d soon come to dominate industry.During the 1880s, imports of wheat and flour into the United Kingdom increased to 70,282 thousand cental from just 50,406 thousand cwt the previous decade.8 These imports often came from the US, where the Brobdingnagian prairies were developed by trans-continental railway. The imports were helped by the development of large merchant steamships. The cost of imports fell dramatically, making it much more possible to import larger quantities of foodstuffs. The average annual wheat price fell from 47.67 shillings per quarter between 1875-9 to just 31.58 shillings per quarter in 1885-9.9 An important development in the 1880s was the introduction of the refrigeration ship, which enabled meat products to be imported from countries such as Australia, unfermented Zealand and Argentina.10Despite this gloomy economic and industrial situation which was afflicting the country generally, London itself was not amongst the worst hit area. The flux of imports aff ected the agricultural sector, not many of whom were to be found in the metropolis in particular those who relied on wheat and cereal growing. Again, the refusal of the government to introduce a tariff system to protect the domestic market did nothing to help the situation. A benefit of the depression, particularly for those not dependent on agriculture, was that it meant food was cheaper. This in turn meant that those who were employed actually enjoyed a higher standard of living.In 1888, the Conservative government set up the London County Council. This was a response to the political activism of the keen reformers of the decade, but it marked a positive step in the battle against impoverishment and want. It involved direct election of 118 councillors, which allowed public opinion to have a say. Although struggles for power even within this new body continued, it moved the battle to political ground. This development was complemented in the 1880s by the growth and development o f more organised trades unions in London. This attempt to organise labour often involved the transport workers, and thus focused on London. While this was undoubtedly a positive development, giving many workers, for the first time, an authoritative voice bout their conditions, it can be verbalise that this led to increased struggle and clashing between workers and employers, which contributed to the idea of the city being in crisis. The most spectacular manifestation of this was the riots in Trafalgar squarely in 1886 and 1887, which although they involved the unemployed rather than unionised workers, highlighted the animosity felt towards the privileged and propertied people of London. This culminated in Bloody Sunday on 13 November 1887. Mackail described the events. No one who ever saw it will ever forget the strange and indeed terrible sight of that grey winter day, the vast sombre-coloured crowd, the brief but fiery struggle at the corner of the Strand, and the river of stee l and scarlet that moved slowly through the dusky swaying masses when two squadrons of the flavour Guards were summoned up from Whitehall.11Another positive development for London during the period, which counters the impression of London as a city in crisis during this period, was the effect on the great city of the railways and steamships. Having already assisted the growth and development of the empire, by the 1880s, they had considerably magnified the importance of London itself. As good as being a great international seaport, the increasing rail network focused on London also. In 1880, the total value of Londons trade was greater than that of its nighest rival, Liverpool.12 London also became a symbol of free trade, as it was the move of the great importing warehouses. This, of course, was not as positive as it may have seemed, given the negative effects on the rest of the country of the massive growth in imports during the period. The flip-side of these developments in tra nsport was the social cost. People often had to be turned out of their homes in order to build the new margeinals. Industrial conditions amongst the workers were less than adequate also. This was most marked in 1889, the year of the great trail strike at the London docks, as the workers struggled to achieve the dockers tanner. This event can be seen to encapsulate much of the perception about the decade as a whole one of struggle and conflict between workers and their managers.Urbanisation was a major factor during the period. Much of this was concentrated in London and Middlesex (as well as Lancashire, Durham, Staffordshire, Warwickshire, west-central and parts of south Wales). Increasing ground rents in the period were beginning to drive many of the middle and upper classes to the city limits. The term Greater London was used for the first time in the 1881 Census an area that was growing the most rapidly.13 During the 1870s, rural population experienced an absolute decline for t he first time since records began while urban population increased by 75% in some cases. In response to this there was a building boom in London during the 1880s. By the middle of the next decade, in London and Middlesex, nearly half of the population had been born elsewhere.14 While this massive urban growth was positive for the city in many ways, it also meant more crowding, insufficient housing, increasing rents and costs and the dangers of disease that accompany such conditions.Harris discusses the fall in fertility during the 1880s. Commentators at the time put it down to the strain of urban living and the modern education system eroding human procreative powers.15 This fall in the birth rate concerned many contemporaries at the time, and it has been debated at length by historians ever since. It is interesting that it coincided with the Great Depression, and another, later drop coincided with a fall in real wages in 1900. This general atmosphere of depression, economic an soci al, was perhaps at its most acute during the 1880s, and although it actually spanned over twenty years, it is this decade in particular that is remembered as a decade of crisis.During the 1880s, Charles Booth began his great survey of the London misfortunate entitled London behavior and Labour. this would become an important work in drawing attention to the want of the working class in the capital. It marked a realisation, or appreciation, of what was becoming a serious problem of leanness and low living. In one passage, he describes the typical working woman (who was often only partly-employed) as generally elderly, infirm, hard up and a widow she is nervous and timid, and takes work at whatever price it may be offered to her.16 A major reason why the decade is seen as one of crisis, then, is that it was one of the earliest times that the poverty and dire situation of the working classes in London was forced to the attention of the wider public. Poverty was the biggest single f act of contemporary existence.17 Poverty, poor sanitation and over-crowding were nothing new to the 1880s, but with Booths work, and the later work of Rowntree, the situation was increasingly recognised. Booths work was followed quickly by other similar studies such as Andrew Mearns The Bitter Cry of Outcast London (1883) and General Booths In Darkest England and the Way Out (1890).In 1887, Henry Hyndman published a pamphlet entitled A Commune for Socialism which was a plea for municipal socialism. This was a cry that was increasingly being taken up, as the importance of local government as a means of social reform was being recognised. Joseph Chamberlain was one of the members of the government of the day to realise this importance, and indeed introduce it into the national debate. He spoke about this in 1885. topical anesthetic government is near the people. Local government will bring you into contact with the masses. By its means you will be able to increase their comforts, to secure their health, to multiply the luxuries which they may enjoy to lessen the inequalities of our social system, and the raise the standard of all classes in the community.18 It was, then, increasingly brought into the national debate, and this bears large responsibility for the impression of the 1880s being a decade of crisis. This was, however, a positive step, as it led to increased activism and political developments favouring the working classes.In Victorian Cities, Briggs describes London as the World City. This captures how London was seen, both domestically and abroad, throughout much of the Victorian era. By the closing decades of the nineteenth century, then, why was the greatest city in the world experiencing a crisis? During the 1880s, the Quarterly Review described the complete separation of the residences of the different classes of the community.19 This was referring to the contrast between the East residuum and the West End of London, and the effective segregat ion of the population of London into rich areas and poor areas. It has been said that the residents of each respective part of London knew and cared little about the other area. In another work important in stimulating the better-off into fulfil called Tales of Mean Streets Arthur Morrison asked who knows the East End? The description that followed in answer reflected the common perception of the situation in the East End an evil plexus of slums that cover up human creeping things where filthy men and women live on pennorths of gin, where collars and clean shirts are decencies unknown, where every citizen wears a black eye, and none combs his hair.20The situation in London, then, was not homogenous throughout the great city. There were pockets of serious depravity, while other areas enjoyed great wealth and luxury. It was this juxtaposition of the East End with the bright lights of the West End that highlighted the dire situation in the East End, and did more than anything to cont ribute to the impression of London as a city in crisis during the 1880s. The stark difference was that although poverty was present in parts of the West End, for example around Belgrave Square, it was largely hidden from view, while in the East End it was clearly visible for those who cared to see it. During the 1880s, however, as London was increasingly being seen as a world city, as the capital of the greatest empire in the world, it was the ostentatious and dazzling aspect of the citys situation which was emphasised. Here, then, is an interesting paradox. Although the 1880s saw some of the early social commentators and reformers recognise and draw attention to the ills of the poorer classes in London (as well as other industrial cities of England), to many London remained one of the greatest cities in the world. In 1883, for example, an Australian writer described London in New Yorks Century Magazine. We may talk of our Western empire and our admirable ports, of our growth and ou r growing wealth but here is, and will remain for generations, the centre of the commercial and political world, the focus of intellectual activity and the mint of thought.21The 1880s were a decade of great struggle in London. There was much poverty and want, with disease rife, and sanitation poor. The dire situation did not affect the whole of the city, however, and it was the wealth and opulence of the West End which highlighted how bad the situation elsewhere had become. It was also a decade of increasing social comment and investigation. The middle classes were, for the first time, taking an interest in their less fortunate neighbours. The decade was not the first in which London was in crisis it was simply one of the earliest that the situation was recognised.BIBLIOGRAPHYBaycroft, T., Nationalism in Europe 1789 1945 (Cambridge, 1998)Briggs, A., Victorian Cities (London, 1968)Burnett, J., Useful Toil (London and New York, 1994)English, R., Kenny, M. (Eds), Rethinking British D ecline (New York, 2000)Feldman, D., Englishmen and Jews (New Haven and London, 1994)Fraser, H., Municipal Socialism and Social Policy, in Morris, R.J., and Rodger, R. (Eds), The Victorian City (London and New York 1993)Harris, J., Private Lives, Public Spirit Britain 1870 1914 (Oxford, 1993)Lowe, N., Mastering innovative British History (London, 1998)Mathias, P., The First Industrial Nation (London, 1969)Morris, R.J., Rodger, R. (Eds), The Victorian City (London and New York, 1993)Pugh, M., State and Society (2nd edition) (London, 1999)Taylor, A.J.P., The Struggle for Mastery in Europe (Oxford, 1971)Footnotes1 Richard le Gallienne (1895), quoted in Briggs, A., Victorian Cities (London, 1968), p3112 Mathias, P., The First Industrial Nation (London, 1969), p4683 Burnett, J., Useful Toil (London and New York, 1994), p154 Lowe, N., Mastering Modern British History (London, 1998), p2165 Ibid, p2166 Taylor, A.J.P., The Struggle for Mastery in Europe (Oxford, 1971), ppxxix xxx7 Harris, J., Private Lives, Public Spirit Britain 1870 1914 (Oxford, 1993), p418 Mathias, pp472-59 Ibid10 Lowe, p22111 Quoted in Briggs, p32912 Briggs, p31813 Ibid, p31214 Harris, pp41 4415 Ibid, p4716 Quoted in Burnett, p3517 Briggs, p31318 Quoted in Fraser, H., Municipal Socialism and Social Policy, in Morris, R.J., and Rodger, R. (Eds), The Victorian City (London and New York 1993), p26319 Quoted in Briggs, p31420 Quoted ibid, p31521 Hogan, J.F., Century Magazine (1883), quoted in Briggs, p317

Adult And Community Care Case Study Social Work Essay

Adult And Community C atomic number 18 Case Study neighborly Work EssayThis appointee focuses on Adults and community complaint case check. The subject field highlights the main issues that regard immediate attention and attempts to provide an account on how to address them. An improvement of the quality of life for Jan and Magda may be realized so that they could cognise a fulfilling life in old age. On the other hand investigating the main issues, demands a discussion the splendour of interdisciplinary and multi-agency working. It is overly executable to explore the policies and legislative mandates and frameworks that inform both the measurement and intervention. This exploration provides guidance as to what is acceptable beneath(a) law and policies. At the corresponding duration, the importance of incorporating theories and approaches will be discussed and psychoanalyzed. Then l will draw attention to the importance of incorporating theories into utilization, gu ides what a affable worker may need to look out for and enables one to account for the values and situation in society of day to day work of social workers. The last part shall analyse the importance of interventions in an anti-discriminatory and anti-oppressive way. This essay draws reference from the code of practice and other relevant professional guidelines under the law.The work creation a course assignment may non explore all the ask receivable to limit of words, but major topics discussed in this assignment ar interlinked on that pointfore it is non breathing out to possible to discuss one issue alone without refereeing to the other. A summary is given at the end.Assessments of significant issuesThe key issues highlighted in the case study may be categorised as medical, financial, mobility and social needs.In-order to address the issues highlighted, an assessment for Magda is required. Consultation with interdisciplinary and multi-agency bodies should be carried out as observed by Macka(1990). nurture can be gathered through and through meetings, in Magdas case key attendees would be the general practitioner, the community nurse and the community mental health squad and a social worker. The multi-agency meetings facilitate sharing of study between all organisations in a safe and secure manner. (Surrey Council) Information collected will attention the assessor to get ahead an informed assessment and risk assessment. barely the consent of dish up user to sharing of information should be sought as suggested by Milner and OByrne(1998) It is important for Magda and Jan to attend such(prenominal) meeting nonetheless it is possible for professionals to hold meeting without service users.When using single assessment process, it is important to ac familiarity that there are 4 types that fall under the SAP these are contact, overview, specialist and comprehensive. More than one assessment can be carried out at once. diverse topical anesthetic g overnments authorities may implement SAP using slightly different assessment tools and the threshold of eligibility may also differ from one local authority to the other.Under the NHSCCA 1990 Section 47 (1) (a) Magda has the right to an assessment, and within the same act S 47 (1) (b) will supporter the assessor to determine the eligibility criteria cognize as the Fair Access to Care DH 2010. Here the assessor will be working in accordance GSCC code of practice which states that Social workers should heighten the independence of service users and bring up them as far as possible from danger and harm. GSCC (2002) Eligibility is graded on four bands, the low, moderate, substantial critical (Surrey Council, 2011).The White motif caring for people (DOH 1989) aims to enable people to live a normal life as much as possible in their homes or in a homely environment in the community. Assessments should help Magda and Jan to identify not only their needs but also their strengths and abi lities under this paper. The wishes of service users should be unbroken on the forefront of the deal out planning and service delivery. This upholds the GSCC code of practice ref. 4.1. GSCC (2002). Hence the interventions led to promoting good health and quality of life in the community.The (DOH 1989) also states that the right amount of care and support provided helps people achieve independence by maintaining basic living skills to achieve attainment of free-and-easy living activities Johns (2005) p.79. The Carers (Recognition and go) do work 1995, extended the duty of assessment to rights of carers to have their needs assessed alongside those of the person whom they are caring Referring to the case study Jan appears not coping well as Magdas carer. Here probably with adequate and appropriate support package Jan will be able to carry out his caring duties if Magda was to stick about in the community. The labor for social workers in this case involves helping Magda to overco me the structural, institutional, cultural, professional and personal barriers that may contribute to physical disability, in line with views of Adams et al (2002).It appears that Magda is unable to slide by her personal wishes due to a language barrier she may need an option of having an independent advocate who can represent her. There are issues somewhat the use of relatives as interpreters as relatives may be biased towards their personal wish that may be contrary to wishes of the service user. The amendment to the Race Relations modus operandi 2001, states that no one that uses public services should be disadvant fourth-year because of their scat, colour or faith as advocated in Br J Soc Work (2010).In Victoria Climbers case, where interpretation was done mainly through an aunt, stands as an example where vital information was missed despite being seen up to 40 quantify by social services, the police and the NHS. It is most likely to be straight that the use of profession al interpreter could have led to changes and outcomes for Victoria Climbers case. Thus in Magdas case it is only right to gather information in regards to Magda through a professional interpreter. In line here Magda has capacity and has the right to perk up decisions about her care plan.The key legislation essential in this assessment is The National Health Service and Community Care meet 1990 (NHSCCA) which addresses the provision of information about services, assessment and service delivery principles. Section 47 of this act requires a local authority to assess all those who may be in need of community care services, and having regard to the results, limit whether the needs call for provision according to Johns (2005). An initiation of an assessment for Magda may be done through the powers of this Act.The first piece of legislation to materialise that would involve Jan is the Carers (Recognition and Services) Act 1995. This Act is an important step towards recognising carers and the supporting role they play in looking after(prenominal)ward their family members, and the difficulties they face. This Act gives carers like Jan the right to an assessment both physical and mental. This would be carried out annually. However if the person being cared for refuse an assessment, then(prenominal) the carers would not be entitled to an assessment. The department of Healths publication Building Bridges (1998) also provides the legislative framework recognising the carers role.The Carers and Disabled Children Act (2000) strengthened the rights of carers to an assessment of their needs. This is irrespective of whether the person they are caring for bring ins the service or not. The help range of mountainss from driving lessons, counselling and or even money to replace a broken machine.After all the considerations of the laws and boundaries the needs and resources, a care plan is formulated. The social worker should promote the right of Magda to self- determinati on to where she should live. If on the assessment Magda is found to have capacity and is adamant to stay in her home, in such a case weighing the risks available to Magda if she remains in her own accommodation. If there are no majooor risks her wish should be respected. Even though self-determination is a basic principle in social work practice, all practitioners know that there are situations in which the guest should not be given the right to self-determination. Part of the community Care Act (1990), highlights choice, Kemshall (2002, p76) states how this can be conflicted with ones own personal view, choice, a central principle of community care, can be significantly undermined by professional desires to observe risk.Magdas has had her leg amputated due to gangrene, which causes mobility difficulties. Her poor sight due to diabetes adds on to mobility needs. The aim is to prevent disability where Disability is defined under the DDA1995 as physical or mental impairment which has a substantial and long term adverse outcome on a persons ability to carry out normal day to day activities(Mandelstam 2005) p 490.Magda is already known to the mental health services however she appears to being violent to Jan. It is important for Magda to have a specialist mental health assessment. Ulasand Connor (2000) Through the mental health route, Magda may be eligible for services through the Mental Health Act 2007 which has introduced the supervised treatment in the community. This Act modifies the 1983 Act and amends the 2005 Act. If Magda lacks capacity a named person can make a decision on Magdas best interests under the Mental Capacity Act 1 (5). Under this acts the social worker would be able to promote healthy, safety and personal wellbeing of both Magda and Jan.It may be suggested that in situation where risk is low Magda may also be entitled under section 29 of the National Assistance Act 1948 to a mandatory grant for essential adaptations that will enable her to m ove around her home more(prenominal) easily Brayne, et al (2001). Examples of the type of adaptations that may be carried out are Installing a stair lift, providing a toilet and shower downstairs, installing a ramp. Bornat, J. (1994). Magda may get funding for adaptations through Housing Grants, Construction and Regeneration Act (1996), disabled facilities. Magdas diabetes and schizophrenia and amputation places a duty on the local council to assess needs provide services through the Chronically Sick and Disabled Persons Act (1970). Under this act, the Local Authority has a duty to assist a service user with practical help in and around the home. This includes the personal care, transport services and meal facilities for the service user, sharky (2000).A home carer may be arranged for Magda under section 2 of the CSDPA 1970 to provide personal care, such as assistance with bathing and dressing, help with getting in and out of bed, and help with medicines. It also includes practica l assistance in the home to improve safety, comfort, and convenience and manage with daily tasks more easily and independently as suggested in Maczka, K .(1990).The 1968 HSPHA (section 45 DHSS Circular 19/71) instructs the Social Services to cater for the delivery of hot meals to Magda at her home by a meals-on-wheels service. However a prosecute is usually made for each meal. Section 21 Sch. 8 of the 1977 National Health Service Act provides a laundry service for people who are incontinent or who for some reason cannot do their own laundry in line with Vernon, S. ( 1997).If the risk is high for Magda to live in her house and does not want to go into residential homes, supported housing may be an option. The National Assistance Act 1948 Sec 20 facilitates provision of appropriate accommodation. This Act may be used if Magda is voluntarily moving, however her condition should satisfy two requirements and one should be medical. Supported housing offers a wide range of support tailore d needs. Service users in supported housing can live as independent and as private. There is an option of companionship from staff if one needs it. Most services offered in Magdas home are available if she chooses to go in supported housing in Heywood et al. (2002).It is probably possible that, after the assessment Magda had been seen as unfit to live in the community even with support, and has to go to residential home against her wishes. The National Assistance Act gives absolute powers to put Magda in a care home. This decision may be made in her best interest of Magda.The General Social Care Council codes of practice that call for attention towards authority and choice. The guidelines are aimed at employers and employees to maintain to a reasonable standard of practice within the social work field. The General Social Care Council, codes of practice expects social care workers to, Supporting service users rights to control their lives and make informed choices about the servic es they receive (G.S.C.C. 2002 p1).The other issue is that the partner off are experiencing financial issues Jan is accumulating debt in the local shop. There is need to investigate the reason why Jan is accumulating debt. There is need explore whether the accumulation of debt is not due to alcohol, drug abuse and or gambling. There is a possibility of Jan being vulnerable and experiencing financial abuse from a member(s) of the community. In order to get the true picture of what is taking place, it is important to discuss the debt problems with Jan. It is equally important to check if Jan and Magda are getting all the benefits that they are entitled to.The assessment of peoples needs is a local authoritys responsibility part of the section 47, NHSCCA 1990. The assessment of needs guides whether service provision by community care is required. Needs led assessments are being highlighted in order to move away from resource led assessments. This act allows professionals to fit a per son into an existing service rather than getting the service to fit the persons needs. Limited resource eliminates availability of choice. An example would be, a home carer being sent to an elderly person home to provide caring duties. due(p) to lack of resource and money the carer has to provide home care at an early time of 7pm. This is considered too early for the client who wishes to go to bed after 8pm. But as there may be no other services the client could settle for what is provided, this is a violation of the clients choice. These issues can be enlarge as forms of discrimination and oppression. The principles of consumerism underpin many of the objectives from community care provisions, this is what is in line to Thompson (2003) Station 1998.The Carers (Recognition and Services) Act 1995 and the Community Care (Direct Payments) Act 1996 established statutory intervention in the caring field. Direct Payment synopsis does allow users to obtain cash instead of services from local authority. Direct Payment scheme promotes a caring service, which revolves around contracts and employment law, Crawford and Walker (2006). Personalisation of service promotes independence, enabling individuals to have a greater choice and gives clients the responsibility for meeting their housing link support needsThe local authority still has an overall say, local authority has discretion over whether to offer someone direct payments and can decide whether they are appropriate and whether the disabled person can manage them (DOH 1998a in Sharkey, 2000).The White paper Caring for people (DOH, 1989), aims hope to enable people to live a normal life as much as possible in their own homes or in a homely environment in the community. It also states that the right amount of care and support should be provided to help people achieve independence by maintaining basic living skills to achieve daily living activities. The main aim, which highlights empowerment, is the prevention of gate keeping allowing individuals to have a greater say towards how they live their lives and the service provision. Kemshall and Littlechild (2000).Ungerson and Kember further state how feminist look for looks at the significance of women in informal care and the effect this has in differences between male and female participation in the labour market. Feminists such as Mc Laughlin and Glendinning (1994), Lewis (1992), Ungerson and Kember (1997) etc. have recognised that gender relations in the benefit state are not as simple as mainstream theorists such as Esping-Anderson would have us believe.On the same line, the other feminists such as Barnes (1997) have also looked into gender differences in the welfare state by studying informal care, and the gendered mental unsoundnesss surrounding it. Barnes claims that women have the main responsibility for informal care. (199713). It can be assumed that many policies of the welfare state are at the present, not geared towards Mclaughlin and Glendinnings de-feminisation.According to Henwood 1998, 1in 8 persons is an informal carer to either a relative or a family member, which has led this group of people to become more recognised for the support they give to clients. Supporting carers not surprisingly has proved increasingly popular with the government, because it helps to reduce the demand of local authority funded service, reasserting the responsibility onto families and individuals. However as straightforward as this may seem, the government cuts has added to the difficult task of translating the support into actual rights and benefits in my view.Finch and Groves (1977) argue that policies for community care were, within a context of public expenditure cuts, and were fundamentally incompatible with policies for equal opportunities for women. They claimed that in practice community care equals care by the family, and in practice care by the family equals care by women. (Ungerson, 1987 494) Because of feminist co ntributions and increased knowledge of community care the Equal Opportunities Commission commissioned a study of carers and for the first time a serious effort had been made to plot the incidence of caring and to discover the sex ratio. The results found, Out of the 116 carers, 87 (75%) were women and 29 (25%) were men. (Equal Opportunities Commission, 1982b, 3) The Equal Opportunities Commission then published a set of recommendations for the support of carers, in terms of services, financial benefits and employment rights, (The Equal Opportunities Commission).The carers visible to government statistics are married men aged less than 64 years old caring for their disabled wives and single people caring for infirm parents. Carers are only visible to policy makers when they receive some kind of state benefit, yet many welfare benefits exclude married women.(Equal Opportunities Commission, 1982b 3) Further to this councils have adopted a top down pose in which local disability organ isations are not closely enough involved within.Social workers need to work in partnership with service users and not make assumptions about what they feel is the best for them, even if it appears obvious and the wishes of the service user must be respected. It requires skill and professional judgement on behalf of the social worker to balance the wishes of the adult with the need to protect them. There are no specific laws relating primarily to old people like there is for children under the Children Act 1989 therefore social workers must draw on legislation from different areas in order to provide the best outcome. The training and specialist knowledge the social worker has, the more positive the outcome is likely to be. Also the available resources within the local authority have a significant restore on the care and support that an old person receive and varies widely in different regions. This lack of resources inhibits the proper application of the law, Crawford and Walker (2 006).As a social worker it is important to be aware that people are different and where there is difference there is the potential of unfair discrimination. Stanton, (1998). Anti-discriminatory practice is a complex area with many and diverse dimensions such as disability, race, gender, age and sexuality. Much of the discrimination inherent in social work can be seen to be unintentional, due to lack of awareness rather than deliberate attempts to oppress. Thompson (2001).It is important to intervene in a non-discriminatory and non oppressive manner when working with older people. Thompson, (2001) p 88, explained that social work with older people has a considerable discriminatory potential. Society has a tendency of marginalising issues relating particularly to problems of old age. This behaviour can be referred as ageism, and ageism behaviour is in itself discriminatory. Hughes and Mtezuka (1992) describe ageism as the social process through which negative of and attitudes towards older people based wholly on the characteristic of old age itself, resulting in discrimination.There is a lot of reference to empowerment and choice in social work settings when in actual fact, one wonders if this is fully promoted. Given that the majority of disabled people are on low incomes or are reliant on welfare payments, their choice is effectively limited to services chosen for them by the local authority social services department. Barnes et al (1999) cited in Kemshall and Littlechild (2000) p 218 On the same subject, Hugman (1998) cited in Kemshall , stresses that these services are made possible through the tax payers money and the same people paying into the taxes are the professionals that control the budgets which poses are a question to the idea of choice made by the consumer. The government cost cutting scheme has negatively affected welfare services, making reference to empowerment and choice meaningless.The power I hold as a social worker, could be used construct ively as a useful tool for empowering this family in order to take steps to combat the imbalances that exist between us, and, if used appropriately can enhance their lives, whereas abuse of this power would reinforce the power imbalance and oppression. These power issues can be used to inform my practice and as Stein (1976) in Williams, F. (1989172) suggests, the relationship between races, social classes and between helping professionals and their clients are all variations of unequal power relations in society. The power imbalance between white social workers supporting ethnic minority clients, places the professional on a privileged position, this may contribute to discrimination and oppression. Thompson (2003).It is possible then to address these imbalances of power, discrimination and oppression? By developing an understanding of the concept of race and cultural differences and identities and oppression. Race and oppression cannot be fully understood without also understanding the notion of power and as Thompson distinguishes the social worker may not be sufficiently sensitive to issues of power/powerlessness and oppression. Thompson 2001 139. As it has been argued by Thompson (2003p49,80) that a sophisticated understanding of the presentations of power and its significance within social work are crucial in order to challenge inequality, discrimination and oppression. (Total of 3660 words)CONCLUSIONplease get the current Copy

truthhod Quest for Truth in Joseph Conrads Heart of Darkness Essay

The Quest for Truth in Heart of Darkness Conrads Heart of Darkness is set in Africas Congo region, and his descriptions of that take aim be stark yet full of the wonder of discovery as well as the shock that comes from uncovering ugly truths. Conrad was purposefully vague in his setting for Heart of Darkness he never actually named the destination to which Marlow journeyed. This may be because Heart of Darkness was more an inner journey than a journey between places. Conrad juxtaposed his protagonists inward quest with an outward journey through the wilderness of dark Africa. The novels climax was not comprised of actions, but of righteous discoveries and mind awakenings. A stylistic device utilized by Conrad throughout the novel is the highlighting of themes by setting certain symbolic elements in opposition to differentiate symbolic elements. In order to accomplish this, he relied heavily on metaphors. Metaphors only gain meaning, as they are associated in the readers mind with images or ideas that are beyond the intrinsic meanings of the words themselves (Searl 1979). In reference to the title Heart of Darkness, Ian Watt said . . . Both of Conrads nouns are densely charged with physical and moral suggestions freed from the restrictions of the article, they combine to generate a sense of puzzlement which prepares us for something beyond our usual expectations if the words do not name what we know, they must be petition us to know what has, as yet, no name (Watt 1963). Resonating throughout Heart of Darkness was the contrast between elements, which may be represented as being light, and elements, which may be characterized as being dark. Light carries with it the metaphorical meanings ... ...Cox, C. B. Conrad Heart of Darkness, Nostromo, and Under Western Eyes. London Macmillan Education Ltd., 1987. Guetti, James. Heart of Darkness and the hardship of the Imagination, Sewanee Review LXXIII, No. 3 (Summer 1965), pp. 488-502. Ed. C. B. Cox. Ruthven, K. K. The Savage God Conrad and Lawrence, Critical Quarterly, x, nos 1& 2 (Spring and Summer 1968), pp. 41-6. Ed. C. B. Cox. Street, Brian V. The Savage in Literature. London Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd., 1975. Thornton, A. P. The violet Idea and its Enemies. New York St. Martins Press, 1985. Watts, Cedric. A Preface to Conrad. Essex Longman Group UK Limited, 1993. Wiley, Paul L. Conrads Measure of Man. Madison The University of Wisconsin Press, 1954. Wynne-Davies, Marion. Ed. The Bloomsbury Guide to English Literature. New York Prentice Hall General Reference, 1990.

Before The Law :: Short Story Stories Essays

Before The LawBEFORE THE LAW stands a doorkeeper. To this doorkeeper there comes a man from the country and prays for admission charge to the Law. But the doorkeeper says that he cannot grant admittance at the moment. The man thinks it over and then asks if he will be totallyowed in later. It is possible, says the doorkeeper, just not at the moment. Since the gate stands open, as usual, and the doorkeeper steps to one side, the man stoops to peer through the gateway into the interior. Observing that, the doorkeeper laughs and says If you are so gaunt to it, just try to go in despite my veto. But take note I am powerful. And I am only the least of the doorkeepers. From vestibule to hall there is one doorkeeper after another, each more powerful than the last. The third doorkeeper is already so terrible that even I cannot take up to look at him. These are difficulties the man from the country has not expected the Law, he thinks, should surely be accessible at all times and to ever yone, merely as he now takes a closer look at the doorkeeper in his fur coat, with his big sharp nose and long, thin, black infinitesimal calculus beard, he decides that it is better to wait until he gets permission to enter. The doorkeeper gives him a stool and lets him sit down at one side of the door. There he sits for days and years. He makes umpteen attempts to be admitted, and wearies the doorkeeper by his importunity. The doorkeeper frequently has little interviews with him, asking him questions about his home and many other things, but the questions are put indifferently, as great lords put them, and always finish with the statement that he cannot be let in yet. The man, who has furnished himself with many things for his journey, sacrifices all he has, however valuable, to bribe the doorkeeper. The doorkeeper accepts everything, but always with the remark I am only taking it to keep you from thinking you have omitted anything. During these many years the man fixes his att ention almost continuously on the doorkeeper. He forgets the other doorkeepers, and this first one seems to him the sole obstacle preventing access to the Law. He curses his corked luck, in his early years boldly and loudly later, as he grows old, he only grumbles to himself.

Essay --

Experiencing a poor social upbringing has influenced my desire to help children from socially deprived backgrounds achieve a success. With the develop to assist others and inspired by my mother in the teaching profession my aspirations of becoming a teacher can be recognised from the past three years of my life through my academic knowledge and experience.I am strong and varied communicator, with the belief that motivating individuals is the key to success, which gives me the confidence to adjust my arise to suit my audience. This was highly beneficial as an activities instructor as I was working with children from a range backgrounds and abilities. I demonstrated that I have important leadership skills as I was conducting over forty activities with a group of sixteen children. As I was sent to different camp sites in the UK I was leading different groups consistently. This increased my knowledge in the field of SEN as I was working with children with autism. I have learnt to imp rove childrens self-esteem through motivation, acclaim and team innovation.As a teaching assistant/ment...

Drinking Age Essay -- Argumentative Persuasive Essays

Drinking Age The consumption of alcoholic bever mounts is a privilege not a right. The legal drinking age in the United States is twenty-one, and I believe that this is a fair age. There argon so many statistics that depute drinking to be bad to pay back with, but there argon many more statistics that show why the drinking age of twenty-one should not be lowered. Teenagers do not show enough responsibility when drinking, and it would do everyone a lot more harm if they could do it leg exclusivelyy.There is no argument that drinking and driving is bad because so many people are put at risk when someone does drive drunk. Teenagers drink, which is against the law to begin with, but also drive while they are intoxicated. This is bad because teenagers are still growing and are at the age of rebellion, so alcohol has a different effect on teenagers than adults. Teenagers feel that they are grown up enough to make adult decisions, but drinking and then driving is a sure sign of immaturity . In many studies researchers fork over found that the number one cause of death among young adults are car crashes and out of all of those, nearly half are alcohol related. semipermanent loss of drivers license and large fines and possible jail time, are consequences of driving drunk for persons twenty-one years and younger. There is zero tolerance in all fifty states and D.C. for underage drinking and driving.The drinking age is also good where it is, because scientists have proof that teenage brains are not...